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NORTHERN POLYPORES

BY

WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL, A.M., PH.D.

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

ASSOCIATE EDITOR OF NORTH AMERICAN FLORA

EDITOR OF MYCOLOGIA

NEW YORK

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR
1914

Copyright, 1914
By WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL

7/42.

PRESS OF

THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.

PREFACE

Polypores are tough or woody fungi found chiefly on wood in
the form of brackets of various shapes and sizes, the fruiting
surface being composed of tubes or furrows. Sometimes the
walls of these tubes split with age and the hymenium appears
spiny, resembling the hydnums; sometimes the furrows change
with age to appear like gills. When the fruit-body is perennial,
the tubes are often arranged in layers. The family may be
divided into four groups, the resupinates, the annual poroid
species, the perennial poroid species, and the agaric-like species.
The resupinate species cannot be satisfactorily studied without
the advantages of a large herbarium and are therefore omitted
here, but some of the larger species of the other groups are com-
paratively easy.

Polypores as a class are very destructive to trees and timber.
On the other hand, one species possesses medicinal properties,
some of the encrusted species supply tinder, and several of the
more juicy ones are excellent for food if collected when young.
The only species recognized as poisonous is the medicinal one,
Fomes Laricis, and it is so tough and bitter that no one would
think of eating it.

Polypores are very easily collected and preserved and they
largely retain their characters when dried, which makes them
excellent objects for class study during the winter months.
Many of them, also, remain in situ during the winter in perfect
condition for collecting. As a group, they lend themselves
remarkably well to studies in gross and minute anatomy, vari-
ation, adaptation, and injurious effects on trees and structural
timbers.

North America may be conveniently divided into five regions :
(i) eastern Canada and the northern United States southward
to the southern boundaries of Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and
Kansas, and westward to the western boundaries of Kansas,
Nebraska, and the Dakotas; (2) the southern United States,

iii

IV

PREFACE

including North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas,
Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia,
and the northern portion of Florida; (3) the Rocky Mountain
region, including the remainder of the western United States
and Canada with the exception of states bordering on the
Pacific Ocean; (4) the far West, including California, Oregon,
Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska; and (5) tropical
North America, including Mexico, Central America, southern
Florida, the Bermudas, the West Indies, and all other islands
between North America and South America with the exception
of Trinidad.

In all these regions, there is an abundance of work still to
be done before our knowledge of the polypores is complete, and
it is believed that the publication of a series of books treating the
species of each region separately will stimulate effort in this
direction.

The terms here used to express the abundance of a species are
"rare" or "occasional," "rather frequent," "frequent," "rather
common," "common," "very common," and "extremely
common." For the sake of brevity, certain liberties have been
taken with the term "brown," especially in the keys, where it is
often used as a general term for some shade of yellowish-brown
or brown. In the same way, allowances must be made for the
term "throughout" when used to indicate occurrence, which
does not imply the actual presence of a given species on every
snowcapped mountain or every treeless prairie within the region.

A few species described in recent years are not here included
because they would require citation and discussion beyond our
present scope. There is good reason to believe, also, that two
or three European species not here listed occur rarely in our
region, but an exact statement regarding their occurrence
requires additional field work.

W. A. MURRILL.

NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN,
October 13, 1914.

NORTHERN POLYPORES

Including the pileate species occurring in eastern Canada and
the northern United States southward to the southern boundaries
of Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Kansas, and westward to
the western boundaries of Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas.

POLYPORACEAE

Hymenophore annual or perennial; context fleshy-tough,
corky, or woody; hymenium poroid or lamelloid, fleshy to woody,
never gelatinous.

Hymenium porose.

Hymenophore annual. Tribe i. POLYPOREAE.

Hymenophore perennial.1 Tribe 2. FOMITEAE.

Hymenium furrowed.2 Tribe 3. DAEDALEAE.

Tribe i. POLYPOREAE. Hymenophore variable in size and shape, fleshy- tough
to corky, annual, sometimes reviving; surface encrusted or anoderm, glabrous
or hairy, zonate or azonate; context fibrous, rarely punky, variously colored;
tubes cylindric, sometimes splitting into teeth, usually thin-walled; spores
rounded or oblong, brown or hyaline; cystidia frequently present; surface of
pileus never conidia-bearing; stipe often present, variously attached.

Context white.

Hymenophore sessile.

Tubes hexagonal, arranged in radiating rows; context

thin. ii. HEXAGONA.

Tubes mostly shallow, marginal and obsolete; hy-
menium hydnoid or irpiciform at a very early
stage. i. IRPICIPORUS.

Tubes normally poroid, sometimes irpiciform from

the rupture of the dissepiments at maturity.
Hymenium at length separating smoothly from

the context. 9. PIPTOPORUS.

Hymenium not separating as above.

Context duplex, spongy above, firm below;

surface sodden and bibulous. 6. SPONGIPELLIS.

1 Elfvingia lobata is an exception. Porodaedalea is closely allied to the Daeda-
leae. Cryptoporus should be in a distinct tribe.

2 Cerrena shows an irpiciform hymenium at maturity, much resembling species
of Coriolus. Daedalea and Gloeophyllum sometimes show poroid forms that are
very confusing.

I

NORTHERN POLYPORES

Context not duplex as above.

Pileus fleshy-tough to woody and rigid.
Hymenium more or less smoke-colored

at maturity.
Hymenium white or pallid.

Context fleshy to fleshy-tough, fri-
able when dry.
Context punky to corky, not friable

when dry.
Pileus thin, leathery, and more or less

flexible, surface usually zonate.
Hymenophore preceded by a cup-
shaped sterile body.
Hymenophore not as above.

Hymenophore normally pileate;
tubes small and nearly always
regular.

Hymenophore semiresupinate;
tubes large and irregular.

Hymenophore stipitate.
Stipe compound.
Stipe simple.

Plants fleshy, terrestrial.
Plants tough, epixylous.

Tubes large, hexagonal and radially elongate

from the first.
Tubes not as above; except in Polyporus

caudicinus.

Pileus inverted, erumpent from lenticels.
Pileus erect or lateral, not erumpent.

Context duplex, spongy above, woody

below.

Context homogeneous, firm.

Context bright-colored, yellow or red; hymenophore sessile.
Pores red or reddish.

Tubes unchanged on drying.

Tubes fragile; surface anoderm.
Tubes firm and regular; surface pelliculose.
Tubes orange-colored, becoming dark and resinous

on drying.

Pores yellow; plants very large.
Context brown.

Hymenophore sessile.
Spores hyaline.

Context light-brown.

Context at first fleshy, becoming slightly

corky.

Context tough from the first.
Surface encrusted.

7. BjERKANDERA.

8.

3.

TYROMYCES.
TRAMETES.

2. PORONIDULUS.

CORIOLUS.
CORIOLELLUS.

15. GRIFOLA.
14. SCUTIGER.

it. HEXAGONA.

10. PORODISCULUS.

13. ABORTIPORUS.
12. POLYPORUS.

16. PYCNOPORELLUS.

17. PYCNOPORUS.

18. AURANTIPORUS.

19. LAETIPORUS.

24. ISCHNODERMA.

25. ANTRODIA.

NORTHERN POLYPORES

Surface not encrusted.

Surface glabrous or nearly so.
Surface distinctly hairy.
Tubes small and regular.
Tubes large and irregular.
Context dark-brown.
Context friable.
Context tough.
Tubes entire.

Tubes soon splitting into teeth.
Spores brown.
Hymenophore stipitate.
Spores hyaline.
Spores brown.

Pileus inverted, pendant.
Pileus erect, stipe central.

23. HAPALOPILUS.

21. CORIOLOPSIS.

22. FUN ALIA.

27. PHAEOLUS.

21. CORIOLOPSIS.
20. CERRENELLA.

26. INONOTUS.

27. PHAEOLUS.

28. COLTRICIELLA.
2Q. COLTRICIA.

Tribe 2. FOMITEAE. Hymenophore large, woody, perennial, rarely small or
annual; surface anoderm or encrusted, usually sulcate, sometimes varnished;
context punky or woody, variously colored; tubes cylindric, usually thick-
walled; spores rounded, smooth or verrucose, hyaline or brown; cystidia fre-
quently present; surface of pileus conidia-bearing in a few species; stipe rarely
present, the hymenophore usually being sufficiently elevated by its host.
Annual forms and species in a few genera connect this group with the Poly-
poreae; while the tendency at times to produce a daedaleoid hymenium, shown
especially in Porodaedalea, connects it with the Daedaleae.

Tubes at first concealed by a volva.
Tubes free from the first.

Surface of hymenophore covered with reddish-brown

varnish; context punky to corky.
Surface of hymenophore not as above.

Context white, flesh-colored, or wood-colored.
Context brown or latericeous.

Surface not encrusted; or, if so, context woody.
Hymenium porose.
Spores hyaline.
Spores brown.

Hymenium porose-daedaleoid.
Surface encrusted; context punky.
Hymenophore subsessile, cespitose.
Hymenophore sessile, simple or imbricate.
Spores hyaline or subhyaline.
Spores decidedly brown.

30. CRYPTOPORUS.

38. GANODERMA.

31. FOMES.

32. PYROPOLYPORUS.

33. FULVIFOMES.

34. PORODAEDALEA.

35. GLOBIFOMES.

36. ELFVINGIELLA.

37. ELFVINGIA.

Tribe 3. DAEDALEAE. Hymenium annual, very rarely perennial, coriaceous to
woody, variable in size; surface anoderm, hairy or glabrous, variously marked;
context white or brown, fibrous, woody, or punky; hymenium exceedingly
variable, normally labyrinthiform or lamelloid, but often poroid or even irpici-
form, never stratified; spores smooth, brown or hyaline. Poroid and irpiciform

4 NORTHERN POLYPORES

plants of this group are difficult to separate from certain species of Polyporeae,
forms of Daedalea confragosa in particular being troublesome to the beginner.
On the other hand, there is little to cause confusion between this group and
the Fomiteae, if we except the single distinctly perennial species of Daedalea
and the daedaleoid forms of Porodaedalea.

Context white or wood-colored.

Hymenium labyrinthiform, often becoming lamellate or

irpiciform.

Hymenium very soon becoming irpiciform. 39. CERRENA.

Hymenium rarely becoming irpiciform and then not

until maturity. 40. DAEDALEA.

Hymenium lamellate from the first, not becoming irpici-
form. 41. LENZITES.
Context brown.

Hymenophore sessile, furrows radiate. 42. GLOEOPHYLLUM-

Hymenophore centrally stipitate, furrows concentric. 43. CYCLOPORUS.

i. IRPICIPORUS Murrill

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, sessile, eff used-reft1 exed,
white or pallid throughout; surface anoderm, glabrous or velvety,
not distinctly zonate, margin acute; context white, coriaceous or
corky; hymenium hydnoid or irpiciform, with traces of shallow,
obsolete tubes near the margin; spores smooth, hyaline.

Teeth i cm. or more long; pileus usually large and thick. i. I. mollis.

Teeth less than 0.5 cm. long; pileus thin and shortly reflexed. 2. I. lacteus.

i. IRPICIPORUS MOLLIS (Berk. & Curt.) Murrill

Pileus sessile, dimidiate, imbricate, decurrent, 3-4 X 4-8
X 1-3 cm.; surface white, finely pubescent, azonate, sulcate at
times, often aculeate behind with age; context wThite, coriaceous,
1-5 mm. thick; tubes soon splitting into teeth, which are 1-2
cm. long, compressed to subulate, slender, more or less pointed,
dentate or incised, puberulent to glabrous, white to pale-flesh-
colored, about i mm. apart at the base; spores globose, 5-7 /*.

Frequent on dead or diseased trunks of deciduous trees through-
out, sometimes growing near the tops of trees.

2. IRPICIPORUS LACTEUS (Fries) Murrill

Pileus extensively effused, shortly reflexed, imbricate, dimidi-
ate, laterally connate, 0-1.5 X 1-4 X 0.1-0.2 cm.; surface white,
subzonate, concentrically furrowed in large specimens, villose;
margin very thin, deflexed, undulate to lobed; context mem-
branous, less than I mm. thick; tubes short, irregular, white to
isabelline, 1-3 mm. long, mouths angular, about 2 to a mm.,

NORTHERN POLYPORES 5

edges uneven, soon splitting into teeth, which are compressed,
pointed, fimbriate, dentate to incised; spores cylindric, slightly
curved, smooth, 6-7 X 2-3 /JL.

Extremely common throughout on dead branches and trunks
of deciduous trees.

2. PORONIDULUS Murrill

Hymenophore annual, tough, sessile, epixylous, at first sterile
and cup-like, the fertile portion developing from the sterile;
context white, fibrous; tubes short, thin-walled, mouths poly-
gonal; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline.

i. PORONIDULUS CONCHIFER (Schw.) Murrill

Pileus thin, coriaceous, dimidiate to flabelliform, usually
narrowly attached, conchate, springing from a sterile, cup-like
structure, which usually appears on the mature sporophore near
the base, 1.5-2 X 2-4 X 0.1-0.2 cm.; surface white to isabelline,
with pale-latericeous zones, finely tomentose to glabrous, the
sterile portion avellaneous, with narrow, black, concentric lines;
margin thin, concolorous, undulate; context very thin, mem-
branous, less than I mm. in thickness; tubes short, about I mm.
long, thin-walled, white, mouths angular, irregular, 3 to a mm.,
edges thin, uneven, dentate.

Very common throughout on dead elm branches.

3. CORIOLUS Quel.

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, sessile, zonate, anoderm,
hairy or glabrous; context thin, white, flexible, fibrous, leathery;
tubes thin-walled, white, at length splitting into irpiciform teeth
in several species, mouths polygonal or irregular; spores smooth,
hyaline.

Tubes more or less entire, at least until the sporophore is

quite old.

Surface of pileus wholly or partly glabrous when
mature or clothed only with inconspicuous hairs.
Pileus not entirely glabrous at maturity.

Pileus marked at maturity with glabrous zones
of a different color from the rest of the
surface.

Glabrous zones large, numerous, conspicu-
ously and variously colored. i. C. versicolor.
Glabrous zones small and comparatively

inconspicuous. 2. C. pubescens.

6 NORTHERN POLYPORES

Pileus not marked with glabrous zones, but
nearly uniform in color and rarely shining;
narrowly reflexed. 3. C. subluteus.

Pileus entirely glabrous at maturity.

Surface brown or blackish, multizonate. 4. C. planellus.

Surface white to isabelline or pale-fulvous,
multizonate, the zones usually pale-
latericeous.

Surface rough, scabrous. 5. C. Lloydii.

Surface very smooth and glabrous. 6. C. concentricus.

Surface of pileus clothed entirely with a conspicuous

hairy covering.

Surface roughly hirsute. 7. C. nigromarginatus.

Surface finely hirtose-tomentose. 8. C. subchartaceus.

Tubes soon breaking up into long, irpiciform teeth.

Plants large, 5-10 cm. broad. 9. C. molliusculus.

Plants much smaller and always very thin.

Surface ashy-white, villose; plants confined to coni-
ferous wood. 10. C. abietinus.
Surface wood-colored, tomentose; plant found on

both deciduous and coniferous wood. n. C. prolificans.

I. CORIOLUS VERSICOLOR (L.) Quel.

Pileus densely imbricate, very thin, dimidiate, conchate,
2-4 X 3-7 X 0.1-0.2 cm.; surface smooth, velvety, shining,
marked with conspicuous, glabrous zones of various colors,
mostly latericeous, bay, or black; margin thin, sterile, entire;
context thin, membranous; tubes punctiform, less than I mm.
long, white to isabelline within, mouths circular to angular,
regular, even, 4-5 to a mm., edges thick and entire, becoming
thin and dentate, white, glistening, at length opaque-isabelline
or slightly umbrinous; spores allantoid, 4-6 X 1-2 ju.

Extremely common throughout on all forms of dead wood.
It also causes a serious root-rot in many trees and is a wound
parasite in Catalpa.

2. CORIOLUS PUBESCENS (Schum.) Murrill

Pileus rather thick, imbricate, laterally connate, dimidiate or
flabelliform, conchate, 3-5 X 4-8 X 0.2-0.4 cm.; surface white,
zonate, hirtose-villose to nearly glabrous, finely radiate-lineate
in front at times, often radiately-furrowed or slightly plicate;
margin at times thin, but usually obtuse, somewhat inflexed;
context thin, white, fibrous, 1-2 mm. thick; tubes white, 2-4
mm. long, mouths angular, regular, 2-3 to a mm., edges very
thin, entire to denticulate, white to discolored; spores cylindric,
subcurved, 6-8 X 2-3 IJL.

NORTHERN POLYPORES 7

Very common on dead deciduous wood throughout the north-
ern part of the region southward to New York and Ohio.

3. CORIOLUS SUBLUTEUS (Ellis & Ev.) Murrill

Pileus broadly effused, narrowly reflexed, thick, white, sub-
imbricate, the reflexed portion 0-2 X 2-4 X 0.5-1 cm.; surface
smooth, tomentose, indistinctly zonate; margin obtuse, undu-
late; context soft and spongy, white, 3-5 mm. thick; hymenium
uneven, subcolliculose; tubes circular to angular or slightly
sinuous, 5-10 mm. long, white within, mouths large, 2-3 to a
mm., edges thin, white to yellowish, entire to slightly toothed;
spores oblong, slightly pointed, 4-6 X 1.5-2 /*•

Found once on dead beech trunks in eastern Canada.

4. CORIOLUS PLANELLUS Murrill

Pileus very thin, leathery, somewhat fragile, circular to
spatulate or flabelliform, narrowly attached, decurrent at times,
1-3 X 1.5-2.5 X 0.05 cm.; surface finely tomentose when
young, becoming glabrous and slightly encrusted, conspicuously
multizonate, isabelline to umbrinous with brown or black zones;
margin very thin, lobed, often somewhat proliferous; context
pallid, membranous; tubes punctiform, white within, often more
or less radiately arranged, mouths minute, angular, about 6
to a mm., edges white to slightly yellowish and finally discolored,
very thin, easily splitting, denticulate.

Occasional on dead branches of deciduous trees in New
England, New York, Iowa, and Missouri.

5. CORIOLUS LLOYDII Murrill

Pileus rather thin, laterally connate, rigid, tough, cuneate to
flabelliform, applanate, tubercular-sessile, 2-3 X 3-4 X 0.2-0.4
cm.; surface white to isabelline, scabrous, somewhat rugose,
marked with a few narrow, indistinct, pale-latericeous zones;
margin thin, fertile, irregular, lobed; context punky-fibrous,
white, 1.5-2 mm. thick; tubes 1-1.5 mm. long, white within,
mouths angular, subglistening, 4 to a mm., edges thin, firm,
dentate, white to isabelline; spores globose, 2 /JL.

Collected once on dead wood at Mammoth Cave, Kentucky.

6. CORIOLUS CONCENTRICUS Murrill

Pileus thin, firm, slightly flexible, flabelliform, conchate,
depressed behind, attached by a narrow base, 4 X 6 X 0.2-0.4

8 NORTHERN POLYPORES

cm.; surface glabrous, indistinctly zonate, subshining, white to
pale-isabelline, latericeous behind, the zones tinged with pale-
latericeous; margin very thin, lobed, concolorous, glabrous;
context white, fibrous, I mm. thick; tubes slender, 2-3 mm.
long, white within, mouths regular, angular, 3 to a mm., edges
thin, firm, denticulate, white to pale-isabelline in dried speci-
mens; spores globose, 3 //.

Collected once on dead wood at London, Ontario.

7. CORIOLUS NIGROMARGINATUS (Schw.) Murrill

Pileus confluent-effused, more or less imbricate, dimidiate,
applanate, corky-leathery, rather thick, flexible or rigid, 3-5
X 5-8 X 0.3-0.8 cm.; surface conspicuously hirsute, isabelline
to cinereous, concentrically furrowed and zoned; margin at
length thin, often fuliginous, sterile, finely strigose-tomentose,
entire or undulate; context white, thin, fibrous, spongy above,
1-4 mm. thick; tubes white, 1-2 mm. long, mouths circular to
angular, 4 to a mm., quite regular, edges thin, firm, tough, entire,
white to yellowish or umbrinous; spores cylindric, slightly
curved, 2.5-3 p..

Extremely common throughout on all forms of dead deciduous

wood.

8. CORIOLUS SUBCHARTACEUS Murrill

Pileus rather thick, imbricate, dimidiate, conchate, rigid,
tough, 3-5 X 5-8 X 0.5-1.5 cm.; surface nearly smooth, finely
hirtose-tomentose, avellaneous, indistinctly multizonate; margin
cremeous, villose, thin, sterile, becoming black when bruised;
context white, radiate-fibrous, zonate, firm, 2-3 mm. thick;
tubes rather long, slender, 3-6 mm., white within, mouths
circular to angular, rather irregular with age, 2-3 to a mm.,
edges at first thick, entire, becoming thin and finally lacerate-
dentate, white to avellaneous, glistening; spores ovoid, 5 p..

Occasional on dead poplar in Wisconsin, as well as in Colorado
and Utah.

9. CORIOLUS MOLLIUSCULUS (Berk.) Murrill, comb. nov.

Pileus effused-reflexed, imbricate, laterally connate, the
reflexed portion dimidiate, conchate, 2-5 X 5-12 X 0.3-0.7 cm.;
surface white, obscurely zonate, nearly smooth, somewhat silky,
fibrillose-tomentose; margin acute or obtuse, undulate to lobed;
context soft-corky, white, 1-2 mm. thick; tubes 3-5 mm. long,
white to discolored within, mouths large and irregular, variable
in size, averaging 2 to a mm., edges thin, lacerate-dentate, white

NORTHERN POLYPORES 9

to discolored or light-bay; spores oblong, slightly curved, 7-9
X 2.5-3 M-

Common throughout on dead deciduous wood. C. biformis
(Kl.) Pat. has been the usually accepted name for this species.

10. CORIOLUS ABIETINUS (Dicks.) Quel.

Pileus effused-reflexed, the reflexed portion thin, tough, flexible
to nearly rigid, 0.5-1.5 X 1-3 X 0.05-0.1 cm.; surface obsoletely
zonate, grayish-white, villose; margin thin, undulate to lobed,
fimbriate with age, incurved on drying; context very thin, white,
membranous; tubes uneven, irregular, soon becoming irpiciform,
mouths variable in size, 2-3 to a mm., edges thin, lacerate-
dentate, unequal, pallid or violet, fading with age, somewhat
flesh-tinted in dried specimens; spores globose, 4.5-5.5 M.

Extremely common throughout, especially northward, on
decaying coniferous trunks.

n. CORIOLUS PROLIFICANS (Fries) Murrill

Pileus exceedingly variable, sessile or affixed by a short tubercle,
dimidiate to flabelliform, broadly or narrowly attached, 2-5
X 2-6 X 0.1-0.3 cm.; surface finely villose-tomentose, smooth,
white or slightly yellowish, marked with a few narrow, indistinct,
latericeous or bay zones; margin thin, sterile, entire to lobed;
context very thin, white, fibrous; tubes 1-3 mm. long, white to
discolored within, mouths angular, somewhat irregular, 3-4 to a
mm., usually becoming irpiciform at an early stage, edges acute,
dentate, becoming lacerate, white to yellowish or umbrinous.

Extremely common throughout on dead deciduous trees, often
covering entire trunks. It is easily mistaken for one of the
Hydnaceae.

4. CORIOLELLUS Murrill

Hymenophore small, dry, annual, epixylous, semiresupinate ;
surface anoderm, usually azonate; context white, thin, fibrous
to corky; hymenium concolorous; tubes thin-walled, usually
rather large and irregular, dentate, but not irpiciform; spores
smooth, hyaline.

Pileus white or pale-isabelline. i. C. Septum.

Pileus fulvous to latericeous. 2. C. serialis.

i. CORIOLELLUS SEPIUM (Berk.) Murrill

Pileus small, dimidiate, laterally connate, narrowly attached
when young, becoming decurrent and often effused, 0.5-1 X 1-3.5

io NORTHERN POLYPORES

X 0.2-0.5 cm.; surface white or pale-wood-colored, finely tomen-
tose to glabrous, subzonate, smooth or broadly radiately fur-
rowed; margin thin or tumid, entire to undulate; context white,
1-2 mm. thick, soft-corky; tubes white, 2-3 mm. long, mouths
angular, uneven, irregular, sometimes slightly sinuous, 1-2 to a
mm., edges thin, undulate to dentate, white; spores oblong,

12 X 5M-

Common throughout on structural timber and other dead

wood, especially that of deciduous trees.

2. CORIOLELLUS SERiALis (Fries) Murrill

Pileus corky to woody, extensively effused, resupinate or
shortly reflexed, seriately elongate, laterally connate, the reflexed
portion very narrow, o-i X 1-1.5 X 0.3-0.5 cm.; surface uneven,
subzonate, appressed-tomentose to strigose, hoary-fulvous to
latericeous-fulvous; margin thick, pallid, undulate to very
uneven; context white, fibrous, membranous, less than I mm.
thick; tubes slender, white, very variable in size and shape,
2-8 mm. long, mouths circular to angular or irregular, pure-
white, becoming pale-yellowish-brown at times on drying, about
3 to a mm., edges rather thick, firm, entire, becoming thinner
and dentate; spores oblong, 6-8 X 2.5-3 M>

Rather common throughout on dead coniferous and deciduous
wood.

5. TYROMYCES P. Karst.

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, sessile, anoderm, azonate,
glabrous or nearly so; context white, fibrous, fleshy to fleshy-
tough, rigid and friable when dry; tubes thin-walled, white or
yellowish, mouths polygonal; spores smooth, hyaline.

Pileus large, 8 cm. or more in diameter.
Tubes less than 5 cm. long.

Surface of pileus marked with rounded depressed

spots. i. T. guttulatus.

Surface of pileus not guttulate; tubes fragile, lacerate. 2. T. obduclus.
Tubes more than 5 cm. long.

Surface sodden, rough, white, becoming blackish,

especially at the margin. 3. T. Spraguei.

Surface tuberculose, ochraceous, not becoming

blackish. 4. T. tiliophila.

Pileus small, rarely exceeding 5 cm. in diameter.

Pileus resinous or cartilaginous in appearance. 5. T. semisupinus.

Pileus neither resinous nor cartilaginous.

Tubes large, irregular, lacerate, 1-2 to a mm. 6. T. undosus.

NORTHERN POLYPORES n

Tubes much smaller, usually regular and entire.
Surface zonate.

Pileus 1-3 mm. thick, not effused. 7. T. balsameus.

Pileus 5 mm. or more thick, effused-reflexed. 8. T. Ellisianus.
Surface azonate.

Surface conspicuously villose or tomentose.

Pileus more or less bluish, not effused. 9. T. caesius.

Pileus not bluish, effused-reflexed. 10. T. semipileatus.

Surface glabrous or nearly so.

Surface pelliculose, more or less tinged

with gray. n. T. chioneus.

Surface white, without a pellicle.

Pileus about 2 mm. thick. 12. T. Bartholomaei.

Pileus much thicker.

Edges of tubes obtuse, entire. 13. T. anceps.

Edges of tubes very thin, lacerate. 14. T. lacteus.

i. TYROMYCES GUTTULATUS (Peck) Murrill

Pileus cespitose or gregarious, broad, applanate, sessile or
attached by an attenuate base, cheesy-soft when fresh, rigid and
fragile when dry, 5-7 X 10-15 X 0.5-1.5 cm.; surface white or
yellowish-white, becoming sordid with age, especially at the
margin, glabrous, somewhat uneven, slightly zonate at times,
marked with numerous rounded, depressed, watery spots, either
scattered promiscuously or arranged in zones; margin thin, white
to discolored, undulate or lobed; context white, cheesy to fragile,
3-8 mm. thick; tubes white, 3-6 mm. long, mouths small,
angular, glistening, 4-5 to a mm., white to avellaneous or um-
brinous, often sordid-spotted in dried specimens, edges thin,
fragile, lacerate; spores globose, 5 /*.

Frequent on dead coniferous stumps and trunks from eastern
Canada to Michigan and Ohio. Compare P. alutaceus Fries.

2. TYROMYCES OBDUCTUS (Berk.) Murrill

Pileus thin, fleshy, very fragile when dry, expanding from a
wedge-shaped base, 6 X 12 X 0.3 cm.; surface very smooth,
yellowish-brown, glabrous, with a gelatinous-horny pellicle,
having the appearance of parchment; margin thin, concolorous,
reniform-lobed ; context very thin, white, fleshy-tough, becoming
fragile and very hard when dry, I mm. or less thick; tubes
slender, 1.5-2.5 mm. long, white to yellowish within, collapsing,
mouths angular, white to yellowish, minute, 6 to a mm., edges
very thin, flaccid, lacerate.

Collected once on dead trunks in boreal North America
below latitude 54°.

12 NORTHERN POLYPORES

3. TYROMYCES SPRAGUEI (Berk. & Curt.) Murrill

Pileus subimbricate, dimidiate or flabelliform, broadly sessile
or attenuate behind, convex, fleshy- tough and watery to rigid
and fragile when dry, 4-7 X 5-10 X 1-2 cm.; surface at first
milk-white, finely tomentose to glabrous, slightly tuberculose,
azonate, sodden, containing depressions filled with exuded water,
becoming discolored and roughened and often decaying, espe-
cially in damp weather, with a strong and disagreeable odor;
margin undulate or slightly lobed, acute, usually discolored,
sometimes smoky-black, inflexed when dry ; context white, zonate,
cheesy when fresh, rigid and somewhat fragile when dry; tubes
small, white to yellowish within, 3-8 mm. long, mouths some-
what uneven, angular, 3-4 to a mm., edges white to yellowish,
thin, entire; spores ellipsoid, 6 X 4 ju.

Common throughout on dead stumps and trunks of chestnut
and oak.

4. TYROMYCES TILIOPHILA Murrill

Pileus large, convex above, concave below, cheesy when fresh,
firm and fragile when dry, attached by an attenuate base,
dimidiate to flabelliform, 8 X 12 X 1-1.5 cm.; surface radiate-
rugose, slightly plicate, tubercular, subglabrous, white to
ochraceous, marked with pale-latericeous zones; margin thick,
fertile, concolorous, undulate; context homogeneous, white,
cheesy to fragile, about I cm. thick; tubes nearly I cm. long,
white to slightly yellowish, very fragile when dry, collapsing and
wearing away with age, mouths minute, 5 to a mm., subcircular,
white to cremeous, slightly discolored with age, edges thin,
friable, fimbriate-dentate.

Found once on Tilia americana at Ottawa, Canada.

5. TYROMYCES SEMISUPINUS (Berk. & Curt.) Murrill

Pileus imbricate-cespitose, thin, rigid when dry, flabelliform,
narrowly attached, sometimes with a short process resembling a
stipe, 0.5-1 X 0.5-0.8 X 0.05-0.1 cm.; surface white to flavous,
partially dull-latericeous, cartilaginous, glabrous or ornamented
with a few abnormal hydnoid processes, subzonate; margin very
thin, lobed, inflexed when dry; context very thin, white, horny
and fragile when dry; tubes short, minute, white, 2-3 mm. long,
mouths angular, 4 to a mm., edges thin, dentate.

Occasional in New England, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey
on dead trunks of maple, alder, and other deciduous trees.

NORTHERN POLYPORES 13

6. TYROMYCES UNDOSUS (Peck) Murrill

Pileus effused, narrowly reflexed, thin, fleshy-fibrous, soft
when fresh, rigid when dry, 5-8 cm. broad, 2-3 mm. thick, the
reflexed portion 0-7 mm. wide; surface slightly spongy-tomen-
tose, sulcate-zonate, white; margin very thin, undulate, inflexed
when dry; context white, very thin, fleshy-fibrous to fragile;
tubes 1-3 mm. long, white, mouths large, irregular, angular,
1-2 to a mm., edges very thin, fragile, lacerate, white to slightly
yellowish.

Occasional on decaying trunks of hemlock and pine and more
rarely on deciduous wood in Maine, New York, and West
Virginia.

7. TYROMYCES BALSAMEUS (Peck) Murrill

Pileus thin, laterally elongate, fleshy to somewhat fragile,
dimidiate, decurrent, cespitose, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, extending lat-
erally 2-10 cm., 2-4 mm. thick; surface radiate-rugose, sub-
glabrous, slightly villose-tomentose behind, whitish or avel-
laneous varied with isabelline to fulvous zones; margin undulate
or subcrispate, irregular, acute, inflexed when dry; context white,
less than I mm. thick; hymenium uneven, somewhat cribrose;
tubes 1.5-2.5 mm. long, white to discolored within, mouths
angular, irregular, 3-5 to a mm., edges white to slightly dis-
colored, dentate to sharply lacerate.

Occasional on trunks and stumps of balsam fir and hemlock
in Ontario and northern New York. T. crispellus (Peck) Murrill
is not distinct.

8. TYROMYCES ELLISIANUS Murrill

Pileus effused-reflexed, laterally connate, imbricate, fleshy,
tough to rigid, the reflexed portion dimidiate or laterally elongate,
1-2 X 2-5 X 0.5-1.5 cm.; surface uneven, pulverulent to glab-
rous or slightly scabrous, white to isabelline with narrow testa-
ceous zones, sometimes azonate; margin acute or slightly obtuse,
inflexed in dried specimens, white, entire or undulate; context
rather thick, firm and somewhat fragile when dry, white, about
5 mm. thick; tubes white to pallid or very pale latericeous
within, 3-5 mm. long, slender, mouths circular to slightly angular,
rather even, 5 to a mm., edges thin, white to isabelline or pale-
latericeous, entire or slightly dentate; spores globose, 4 p.

Collected once on a dead pine trunk at Newfield, New Jersey.

14 NORTHERN POLYPORES

9. TYROMYCES CAESIUS (Schrad.) Murrill

Pileus dimidiate, imbricate, often narrowly attached, with a
prominent umbo, variable in habit and size, soft, spongy when
fresh, fragile when dry, 1-2 X 3-6 X 0.5-1.5 cm.; surface sod-
den, tomentose or villose-tomentose, azonate, murinous or
griseous when fresh, becoming caesious or fading to nearly pure-
white on drying, often nearly glabrous with age; context white,
soft, friable, 5-8 mm. thick; tubes long and slender, 5-10 mm.
long, caesious within, collapsing, friable, mouths angular, 3-4
to a mm., edges white or bluish-gray, very thin, dentate to long
and sharply lacerate; spores elongate, 5-5.5 X 1.5 M-

Common throughout on dead wood of both deciduous and
coniferous trees.

10. TYROMYCES SEMIPILEATUS (Peck) Murrill
Pileus effused, largely resupinate, suborbicular or laterally

elongate, very narrowly reflexed, the reflexed portion o-i X 2-5
X 0.3-0.5 cm.; surface white or pale-isabelline, subvillose or
scabrous, azonate; margin thin, undulate, sometimes inflexed;
context white, fleshy-tough to fragile, 2-4 mm. thick; tubes
short, slender, white to yellowish within, mouths minute, circular
to slightly angular, scarcely conspicuous, 7 to a mm., edges
thin, very even, entire, white to pallid, often bluish-discolored
in spots or blotches; spores subglobose, 6-8 /*.

Common throughout on fallen dead branches of deciduous

trees.

ii. TYROMYCES CHIONEUS (Fries) P. Karst.

Pileus imbricate, sessile, dimidiate, convex, 2-4 X 3-6 X I
cm.; surface sodden, grayish-cinereous or yellowish-white,
azonate, smooth, pubescent to glabrous, margin acute but rather
thick, entire, concolorous, fertile; context sodden and watery
when fresh, with a mild flavor and acid odor, white, homogeneous
and fragile when dry, cutting with a smooth surface, 7-10 mm.
thick; tubes shorter than the thickness of the context, 2-4 mm.
long, white to yellowish within, fragile, mouths even, glistening,
angular, sinuous at times, 4 to a mm., white to ochraceous,
edges thin, fimbriate-dentate ; spores cylindric, curved, 4-5
X 1-2 n.

Common throughout on dead branches and trunks of birch
and other deciduous trees.

12. TYROMYCES BARTHOLOMAEI (Peck) Murrill
Pileus thin, rather soft, obovate, attached by a flattened,
stem-like base, 3 X 3-5 X 0.2 cm.; surface azonate, white,

NORTHERN POLYPORES 15

opaque, finely spongy- tomentose ; margin thin, broadly sterile,
subentire; context white to pallid, 1—1.5 mm. thick, soft and
somewhat spongy, very fragile when dry; tubes decurrent, less
than i mm. long, white, mouths small, circular, angular, 4-5
to a mm., regular, edges entire to fimbriate-dentate.

Found only at Rockport, Kansas, on decaying sticks and
chips.

13. TYROMYCES ANCEPS (Peck) Murrill

Pileus effused, resupinate or narrowly reflexed, inseparable
from the matrix, firm, sub-corky, slightly flexible, rigid when
dry, the reflexed portion 1-2 cm. long, extending laterally for
several centimeters by confluence, about I cm. thick behind;
surface minutely downy, sometimes rugosely pitted, milk-white
or slightly discolored, azonate; margin rather thin, acute, con-
colorous, undulate; context white, fleshy-tough, somewhat
fragile when dry, 5-8 mm. thick; tubes 3-5 mm. long, white to
pallid within, slender, mouths regular, even, circular, 5-6 to a
mm., glistening, white to very pale avellaneous, edges obtuse,
entire; spores globose, 5 fj..

Occasional on dead hemlock and balsam fir in New England
and New York.

14. TYROMYCES LACTEUS (Fries) Murrill

Pileus dimidiate, sessile, decurrent, convex, very soft, fleshy,
becoming rigid when dry, 2-4 X 5-8 X 0.5-1.5 cm.; surface
milk-white, sometimes slightly discolored, azonate, finely tomen-
tose or pubescent to nearly glabrous, more or less silky-striate;
margin abruptly thin, inflexed, undulate, concolorous; context
spongy-fibrous, very fragile when dry, 5-10 mm. thick, milk-
white, zonate at times; tubes quite long, slender, equaling the
thickness of the context, 5-10 mm., milk-white within, mouths
regular, angular, 4-5 to a mm., glistening, becoming lacerate
and somewhat uneven, edges thin, dentate to sharply toothed,
fragile, white to slightly yellowish ; spores allantoid,4-5 X i-i .5 ju.

Common throughout on dead deciduous and coniferous wood.

6. SPONGIPELLIS Pat.

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, sessile, dimidiate, simple or
imbricate, rather large; surface white, anoderm, sodden and
bibulous; context white, duplex, spongy above, firm below;
hymenium concolorous, tubes thin-walled; spores smooth,
hyaline.

1 6 NORTHERN POLYPORES

Pileus more than i cm. thick, usually large.
Margin of pileus thick and rounded.

Tubes large, i mm. or more across. i. S. unicolor.

Tubes much smaller. 2. S. occidentalis.

Margin of pileus thin, not rounded.

Surface conspicuously hairy. 3. S. borealis.

Surface nearly glabrous. 4- 5. delectans.

Pileus less than i cm. thick, small or medium; surface finely
tomentose. 5- S. galactinus.

i. SPONGIPELLIS UNICOLOR (Schw.) Murrill

Pileus somewhat imbricate, large and spongy, at length
indurate, dimidiate, often ungulate, 5-7 X 10-15 X 3-5 cm.;
surface spongy-tomentose, hirtose, azonate, smooth, sordid-
white to isabelline or fulvous; margin very thick and rounded,
sterile, entire, concolorous; context spongy-fibrous, white, in-
durate with age, especially below, 1-2 cm. thick; tubes very
long, 2-3 cm., white to isabelline within, mouths large, irregular,
often sinuous, 1-2 mm. broad, edges thin, fimbriate-dentate to
slightly lacerate, white to isabelline, at length bay and resinous
in appearance; spores globose, 6-8 ju.

Rather common on diseased living trunks of oak, maple, and
a few other deciduous trees from New Jersey southward and
westward to Missouri and Minnesota.

2. SPONGIPELLIS OCCIDENTALIS Murrill

Pileus thick, dimidiate, subimbricate, convex above, 5-8
X 7-10 X 2-3 cm.; surface conspicuously hispid-tomentose,
spongy, azonate, smooth or somewhat rugose, white to cremeous
or isabelline; margin very thick, rounded, concolorous, fertile;
context soft, spongy-fibrous, white to slightly yellowish, 1-2
cm. thick; tubes long and slender, i cm. long, white to straw-
colored within, fulvous in old dried specimens, mouths minute,
angular, 5 to a mm., edges very thin, white to cremeous, fim-
briate-dentate, becoming lacerate, collapsing and turning fulvous
in old specimens; spores ellipsoid, 4-5 X 6-7 p..

Occasional on beech logs in northern New York.

3. SPONGIPELLIS BOREALIS (Fries) Pat.

Pileus subimbricate, dimidiate to flabelliform, often narrowly
attached, spongy to corky, very tough, moist and juicy when
fresh, 5-8 X 8-12 X 2-4 cm.; surface uneven, soft and spongy,
hirtose-tomentose, azonate, white to yellowish; margin thin,
white, entire, somewhat discolored on drying; context fibrous-

NORTHERN POLYPORES 17

coriaceous above, fibrous-woody below, white, 0.5-1.5 cm. thick;
tubes 4-8 mm. long, white to pallid within, mouths angular,
irregular, somewhat radiately elongate, sinuous at times, 1-2
to a mm., stuffed when young, edges thin, white to ochraceous,
dentate to lacerate; spores ovoid, 5-6 X 3-4 /*.

Occasional throughout on various coniferous trunks, and
more frequent northward, causing serious decay.

4. SPONGIPELLIS DELECTANS (Peck) Murrill

Pileus simple or subimbricate, dimidiate, convex or subtri-
angular, fleshy-fibrous to corky, 5 X 5-10 X 2-5 cm.; surface
azonate, white to ochraceous-isabelline, uneven, glabrous or
slightly floccose-tomentose ; margin thin, acute, concolorous,
sterile; context soft and spongy above, firm and woody below,
white, I cm. or more thick; tubes 5-8 mm. long, white within,
mouths large, subcircular or angular, somewhat irregular, 1-3
to a mm., edges thin, entire to slightly dentate, white to slightly
discolored; spores subglobose to ovoid, 7-8 X 5-6 (j..

Frequent on diseased trunks of maple, elm, and certain other
deciduous trees in Ohio and Indiana.

5. SPONGIPELLIS GALACTINUS (Berk.) Pat.

Pileus cespitose-imbricate, soft, spongy and watery when
fresh, rigid and brittle when dry, dimidiate or reniform, elongate
behind, applanate or convex, much contorted on drying, 3-5
X 5-10 X 0.5-1 cm.; surface hispid or strigose-tomentose,
white, azonate, smooth or slightly tuberculose, becoming isa-
belline on drying; margin thin, but often obtuse, sterile, entire,
discolored and inflexed when dry; context zonate, firm, fibrous-
woody below, spongy above, 3-7 mm. thick; tubes 3-5 mm.
long, slender, white to isabelline, mouths minute, white, glisten-
ing, angular or slightly flexuose, 6 to a mm., edges very thin,
lacerate-dentate, at length isabelline; spores ellipsoid, 3-4
X 1.5-2/1.

Frequent on dead or diseased trunks of deciduous trees from
eastern Canada to Ohio.

7. BJERKANDERA P. Karst.

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, sessile, anoderm, glabrous,
azonate, corky; context white, tough or woody, not friable when
dry; tubes thin-walled, more or less smoke-colored, mouths
polygonal; spores smooth, hyaline.

1 8 NORTHERN POLYPORES

Hymenium smoke-colored when young, soon becoming black. i. B. adusta.

Hymenium pallid when very young, becoming more or less blackish
with age. 2. B. fumosa.

1. BjERKANDERA ADUSTA (Willd.) P. Karst.

Pileus cespitose-imbricate, decurrent, sometimes effused,
conchate, fleshy-tough or corky, somewhat flexible when dry,
2-4 X 4-8 X 0.2-0.4 cm.; surface undulate, indistinctly zonate,
especially near the margin, finely tomentose or villose, isabelline
with slightly darker markings; margin thin, undulate, sterile,
pallid, usually becoming black as though scorched; context
fibrous-corky, white, 1-3.5 mm- thick; tubes short, I mm. or
less long, smoky-white to blackish within, mouths regular,
angular, 5-6 to a mm., smoke-colored and pruinose when young,
soon becoming grayish-black, edges thin, entire; spores ellipsoid-
allantoid, 3-5 X 1.5-2.5^1.

Extremely common throughout on dead deciduous wood and
rarely on that of coniferous trees.

2. BJERKANDERA FUMOSA (Pers.) P. Karst.

Pileus cespitose-imbricate, fleshy-corky, firm, dimidiate, con-
chate, decurrent, 2-4 X 5-10 X 0.5-2 cm.; surface smooth,
finely tomentose, pale-isabelline, subzonate at times; margin
thin, concolorous, undulate, easily blackening, usually broadly
sterile; context fibrous-corky, somewhat zonate, white to pallid,
5-15 mm. thick; tubes short, 2-3 mm. long, white to discolored
within, mouths regular, even, circular, 4-5 to a mm., whitish to
smoky-isabelline and finally blackish with extreme age, edges
thick, entire; spores globose, 5-8 M-

Common throughout on decayed deciduous wood and rarely
on coniferous wood. B. puberula (Berk. & Curt.) Murrill is not
sufficiently distinct.

8. TRAMETES Fries

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, sessile; surface anoderm,
white, azonate; context white, homogeneous, coriaceous to soft-
corky; hymenium concolorous, rigid; tubes thin-walled, mouths
circular to irregular; spores smooth, hyaline.

Tubes small, 4 to a mm.; found on Robinia. I. T. robiniophila.

Tubes large, 2 to a mm.; found on Salix. 2. T. suaveolens.

i. TRAMETES ROBINIOPHILA Murrill

Pileus more or less imbricate, dimidiate, convex above, plane
or concave below, sometimes undulate, 6-8 X 10—15 X 2-4 cm.;

NORTHERN POLYPORES 19

surface milk-white, azonate, finely pubescent becoming glabrous,
uneven, slightly yellowish and discolored with age; margin thick,
usually obtuse, concolorous, entire; context white, soft, punky,
very juicy when fresh, with a strong fungous odor, usually
attacked by insects; tubes slender, 3-5 mm. long, opaque, white
to discolored within, mouths minute, circular to very slightly
angular, edges thick, entire, becoming rather thin, sordid-white
to umbrinous or fuliginous in dried specimens, isabelline when
bruised; spores globose to ovoid, 6-8 fj. long.

Common on decayed spots in living trunks of Robinia Pseud-
acacia from Pennsylvania to Virginia and west to Missouri,
doubtless causing decay.

2. TRAMETES SUAVEOLENS (L.) Fries

Pileus large, subimbricate, dimidiate, convex above, plane or
concave below, 4-6 X 5-12 X 1-3 cm.; surface smooth, azonate,
finely villose-tomentose to nearly glabrous, white to pale-isa-
belline; margin thick, sterile, entire; context white, punky-
corky, 1-2 cm. thick, very fragrant when fresh, with the odor
of anise; tubes 5-15 mm. long, white within, mouths circular,
2 to a mm., edges at first very thick, white, entire, becoming
thinner and often blackish with age; spores oblong-ovoid, sub-
sinuate, 8-9 X 3-5 n.

Frequent on willow trunks throughout, especially northward,
causing serious decay. Easily distinguished at some distance
by its agreeable odor.

9. PIPTOPORUS P. Karst.

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, umbonate-sessile ; surface
smooth, azonate, pelliculose; context white, fleshy-tough;
hymenium at length separating smoothly from the context;
tubes white, thick-walled; spores smooth, cylindric, hyaline.

i. PIPTOPORUS SUBEROSUS (L.) Murrill

Pileus fleshy to corky, compressed-ungulate, convex above,
plane below, attached by a short umbo behind, varying to bell-
shaped when hanging from horizontal trunks, 5-30 X 5-20
X 2-5 cm.; surface smoky, covered with a thin, separating
pellicle, glabrous, devoid of markings, cracking with age; margin
velvety, concolorous, obtuse, projecting beyond the hymenium
nearly a centimeter; context elastic, homogeneous, 3 cm. thick,
milk-white; tubes 0.5 cm. long, 2-3 to a mm., sodden-white,

20 NORTHERN POLYPORES

separated from the context by a thin, pink layer, mouths very
irregular, dissepiments thicker than the pores, obtuse, entire,
crumbling away in age, leaving the smooth, white context;
spores cylindric, curved, 4-5 AI in length.

Common on dead or diseased birch trunks from New Jersey
northward and westward to Wisconsin. Sections of large
sporophores have been used in Sweden for sharpening razors.

10. PORODISCULUS Murrill

Hymenophore small, annual, tough, epixylous, erumpent from
the lenticels of dead branches; stipe attached to the vertex of
the pileus, usually curved at maturity; context white, fibrous;
tubes cylindric, short, one-layered, mouths constricted; spores
globose, smooth, hyaline.

i. PORODISCULUS PENDULUS (Schw.) Murrill

Pileus very small, turbinate-cup-shaped, attached at the
vertex, soon decurved and pendant, gregarious, erumpent from
the lenticels of dead branches, 1-2 mm. broad, 3-5 mm. long;
surface anoderm, azonate, smooth, umbrinous, uniformly covered
with a brown powder, often ashy-white with age; margin inflexed,
concolorous, sterile; context white, fibrous, very thin; tubes very
short, annual, white within, mouths circular, constricted, white,
pruinose, becoming concolorous, 6-7 to a mm., edges entire;
spores globose, 4^1; stipe 2 mm. or less in length, vertically
attached, gradually expanding into the pileus, which it resembles
in surface and context.

Frequent on fallen dead twigs of various deciduous trees and
occasionally on red cedar from Connecticut southward and
westward to Missouri and Iowa. Very common in some locali-
ties on dead chestnut branches.

ii. HEXAGONA Pollini

Hymenophore small, annual, epixylous, flabelliform to reni-
form, rarely circular, stipitate, the stipe sometimes much reduced ;
surface smooth or tessellate; margin thin; context thin, white,
fibrous, fleshy to tough, usually fragile when dry; hymenium of
radiating rows of large, thin-walled, hexagonal tubes, usually
radially elongate; spores smooth, hyaline.

Tubes large; surface of pileus decorated with imbricate, reddish-
brown fibrils, which disappear with age. i. H. alveolaris.

Tubes much smaller, the mouths rarely over i mm. long and 0.5

mm. broad; surface of pileus glabrous. 2. H. striatula.

NORTHERN POLYPORES 21

i. HEXAGONA ALVEOLARIS (DC.) Murrill

Pileus reniform to circular, convex-plane, depressed behind,
3-4 X 5-7 X 0.2-0.5 cm.; surface at first fulvous, strigose-
squamose, at length pallid and almost glabrous; margin at first
thin, entire, incurved, becoming thicker and undulate or lobed;
context white, opaque, 1-2 mm. thick; tubes decurrent, white to
pallid, 2-4 mm. long, mouths 1-1.5 X 2-3 mm., edges thin,
rigid, dentate; spores ellipsoid, 10-14 X 4~4-5 M! stipe usually a
lateral tubercle, at times eccentric or central, varying in length.

Common throughout on fallen branches and other forms of
dead deciduous wood.

2. HEXAGONA STRIATULA (Ellis & Ev.) Murrill

Pileus flabelliform to reniform or rarely circular, convex, usu-
ally umbilicate or depressed behind, 2-4 X 2.5 X 0.2-0.4 cm.;
surface smooth, glabrous, straw-colored to cream-colored; margin
acute, undulate or slightly lobed, rarely reflexed, irregularly
denticulate, dark-brown, as if scorched; context white, 1-2 mm.
thick; tubes decurrent, ochraceous, 1-2 mm. long, mouths 4-6-
angled, 0.3-0.5 X 0.6-1 mm., edges rather firm, beset with
small, sharp teeth; spores ellipsoid, 3 X 9 v, stipe lateral to
eccentric, rarely central, slightly enlarged below, concolorous,
minutely tomentose to subglabrous, 1-7 mm. long, 3-5 mm.
thick.

Frequent throughout on dead trunks and fallen sticks of
birch, beech, and certain other deciduous trees. Possibly only
a variety of H. alveolaris.

12. POLYPORUS (Micheli) Paulet

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, small and simple, very rarely
large and compound; stipe central, eccentric or lateral, much
reduced at times in a few species, often partly or wholly brown
or black; surface usually smooth, the margin at times ciliate;
context white or yellowish, fibrous, tough to corky; hymenium
porose, at times alveolate; spores smooth, hyaline.

Stipe pallid or light-brown, centrally attached, not darker

than the pileus.
Margin of pileus devoid of cilia.

Pileus ornamented with conspicuous tufts of fibrils,

which are larger and darker toward the center. i. P. fagicola.

Pileus plainly villose, often becoming glabrous with

age. 2. P. Polyporus,

22 NORTHERN POLYPORES

Pileus minutely tomentose or glabrous from the first.
Pileus large, 10 cm. or more in diameter; surface

milk-white. 3- P- admirabilis.

Pileus of medium size, 2-5 cm. in diameter.

Context golden-yellow, not extremely thin;

tubes remote from the stipe. 4. P. phaeoxanthus.

Context whitish.

Stipe central. 5- P- albiceps.

Stipe lateral. 6. P. humilis.

Margin of pileus ornamented with cilia, which often

disappear with age. 7- P- arcularius.

Stipe wholly or partly black or fuliginous, variously attached,

usually darker than the pileus.
Pileus squamose, very large, flabelliform; tubes large,

alveolar. 8. P. caudicinus.

Pileus not as above.

Pileus 12-25 cm. in diameter, white or pallid. 9. P. Underwoodii.

Pileus rarely half this size and never white.

Surface light-colored, isabelline to pale-ochra-

ceous. 10. P. elegans.

Surface dark-colored, bright-bay to almost black, n. P. fissus.

I. POLYPORUS FAGICOLA Murrill

Pileus circular, convex to plane, umbilicate, 4-5 X 0.1-0.3 cm.;
surface smooth, pale-avellaneous, ornamented with tufts of
innate fibrils, which are larger and darker near the center and
somewhat radially and imbricately arranged; margin very
sharp, slightly decurved, regular in outline, not ciliate; context
thin, fibrous, white; tubes milk-white, decurrent, favoloid, 1-2
to a mm., edges very thin, fimbriatulate; spores ellipsoid, 3-4
X 6-7 /r, stipe central, solid, thick, nearly equal, concolorous,
conspicuously hispid, especially near the base, 2 cm. long, I cm.
thick.

Collected once on a beech log in Piscataquis County, Maine.

2. POLYPORUS POLYPORUS (Retz.) Murrill

Pileus circular, convex to plane, slightly umbilicate at times,
2-8 X 0.2-0.4 cm.; surface fuliginous, more rarely yellowish-
brown, hispid-squamulose to minutely hispid; margin at first
inflexed, thin, fimbriate, often becoming wavy or lobed; context
milk-white, membranous, 1-3 mm. thick; tubes adnate, white to
pallid, 1-2 mm. long, mouths circular, regular, 2-3 to a mm.,
edges at first thick, becoming thin and often dentate with age;
spores cylindric, subcurved, 7-8 X 2-3 M; stipe central, solid,
woody, equal, squamulose, avellaneous, not black at the base,
2-3 cm. long, 3-7 mm. thick.

NORTHERN POLYPORES 23

Very common throughout, especially northward, on fallen
decayed wood of deciduous trees.

3. POLYPORUS ADMIRABILIS Peck

Pilei tufted, more or less imbricate, united near the base, the
cluster very large, 30 cm. or more in diameter, centrally depressed
or subinfundibuliform, the individual pilei 10-15 cm. broad,
1-3 cm. thick; surface white and finely pseudosquamose when
young, sometimes cracking, at length smooth and glabrous and
slightly tinged with yellow; margin entire, rather thick, incurved;
context fleshy-tough to rigid and friable, homogeneous, white to
yellowish-discolored, 1-2.5 cm- thick; tubes slender, 3-7 mm.
long, white to yellowish, fulvous with extreme age, mouths
nearly circular, 3-4 to a mm., edges thin, dentate; spores globose,
somewhat flattened, 5-6 //; stipe short, thick, smooth, glabrous,
white, not blackening, often obsolete, 1-2 cm. long, 3 cm. thick.

Occasional on decayed trunks of apple trees in Maine, Massa-
chusetts, and Connecticut.

4. POLYPORUS PHAEOXANTHUS Berk. & Mont.

Pileus convex, subhemispheric, 2.5 X 0.5 cm.; surface smooth,
glabrous, bay-brown; margin acute, straight, slightly undulate;
context fleshy, luteous, rigid, friable and much shrunken when
dry, 1-2 mm. thick; tubes remote, minute, very short, 0.5 mm.
or less in length, mouths irregular, 6-8 to a mm., edges thick
(specimen young), obtuse, luteous; stipe central, cylindric, solid,
fleshy, concolorous, floccose at the base, 4 cm. long, 3 mm. thick.

Found once on fallen oak wood at Columbus, Ohio.

5. POLYPORUS ALBICEPS Peck

Pileus tough, circular, plane or slightly depressed, 2.5-5 cm-
broad, 5-10 mm. thick; surface dry, glabrous, opaque, smooth,
white; margin thin, entire, concolorous; context white, 4-8 mm.
thick; tubes decurrent, I mm. long, white within, mouths scarcely
visible to the unaided eye, subcircular, edges thin, white, dentate;
stipe central, cylindric, even, 2.5-4 cm- l°ng» 6-8 mm. thick,
resembling the pileus in surface and substance.

Found once on buried wood under walnut trees at Sea Beach,
New Hampshire.

6. POLYPORUS HUMILIS Peck

Pileus spatulate, suborbicular or reniform, I X 2-2.5 X 0.1-0.3
cm.; surface white, soft, elastic, subglabrous, azonate; margin

24 NORTHERN POLYPORES

sterile, concolorous, entire, acute, inflexed when dry; context
less than I mm. thick, spongy, white, somewhat fragile when
dry; tubes 1-1.5 mm- long- white, mouths angular, regular,
even, 5 to a mm., edges glistening, thin, white to pallid, slightly
dentate; stipe lateral, compressed or cylindric, 2.5-5 X 0.3-0.6
cm., resembling the pileus in surface and substance.

Occasional in New York on buried wood in open woods. Also
reported from Missouri. Considered by some a synonym of P.
fractipes Berk. & Curt.

7. POLYPORUS ARCULARIUS (Batsch) Fries

Pileus circular, convex, umbilicate, 1-2.5 X 0.1-0.2 cm.;
surface azonate, concentrically rugose when dry, fuscous-
squamulose to fulvous and nearly glabrous; margin acute, ciliate-
dentate, straight, inflexed on drying; context white, membranous;
tubes slightly decurrent, rather firm, white to brownish, 1-2
mm. long, mouths large, oblong-rhomboid, 1-2 to a mm., edges
thin, elongate, denticulate; spores cylindric, pointed at the ends,
2-guttulate, copious, 7-8 X 1.5-2.5/1; stipe central, slender,
even, fuscous-gray to fulvous, subsquamulose to glabrous above,
hispid-tomentose at the base, 2-4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick.

Common throughout from Connecticut southward and west-
ward on dead branches and trunks of various trees. P. arculari-
formis Murrill may be a depauperate form of this species.

8. POLYPORUS CAUDICINUS (Scop.) Murrill

Sporophore of immense size, reaching 50 cm. in breadth and
3 cm. in thickness, usually found in imbricate masses projecting
from the trunks of living trees; pileus subcircular and umbili-
cate when young, soon becoming flabelliform and explanate;
surface ochraceous to fulvous, covered with broad, appressed,
darker scales, which are very close together in young specimens;
margin involute, thin, entire; context fleshy-tough, juicy, milk-
white, very thick, odor strong; tubes decurrent, white or pale-
yellowish, very short, mouths large, alveolar, I mm. or more
in diameter, edges thin at maturity, toothed at an early age,
becoming lacerate; spores broadly ovoid, 12 X 5 M; stipe eccentric
to lateral, obese, reticulate above, clothed at the base with short,
dark-brown or black, velvety tomentum, often reduced, variable
in length.

Frequent throughout on decayed trunks of various deciduous
trees, appearing in the spring. This fungus is one of the worst

NORTHERN POLYPORES 25

enemies of shade trees in Europe, but it is fortunately too rare
as yet in this country to be dangerous.

9. POLYPORUS UNDERWOODII Murrill

Pileus varying from convex to deeply concave, 12-25 cm. in
diameter, averaging 0.5 cm. in thickness; surface obscurely
concentrically zonate, milk-white, pruinose, cremeous on drying,
the center depressed and avellaneous; margin irregularly undu-
late, lobed, either deflexed or recurved, very thin, not ciliate;
context white, fleshy, tough, 2-5 mm. thick; tubes milk-white,
2-3 mm. long, 5-6 to a mm., cylindric, edges thin, entire to
lacerate; spores ellipsoid, 6-7 X 3 /x; stipe short, central, solid,
woody, equal or tapering downward, smooth, pruinose, white
above, fuliginous below, 3 cm. long, 2-3 cm. thick.

Occasional on dead roots of deciduous trees in Massachusetts,
Connecticut, and New York.

10. POLYPORUS ELEGANS (Bull.) Fries

Pileus flabelliform to subcircular, scarcely depressed behind,
convex or nearly plane, 2-6 X 3-10 X 0.2-1 cm.; surface dis-
tinctly radiate-striate, pruinose when young, becoming glabrous
and pale-ochraceous at maturity; margin thin, at first inflexed,
often becoming wavy or much lobed and folded with age, not
ciliate; context white or pallid, corky, 1-5 mm. thick; tubes pale-
avellaneous, 1-3 mm. long, cylindric, mouths angular to sub-
circular, entire, at first white, glistening, pale-umbrinous with
age, 4-5 to a mm., edges thin, entire ; spores oblong, 7-8 X 3-3.5 p-',
stipe eccentric or lateral, rarely central, woody, smooth, pallid
above, abruptly black and scutate below, 1-4 cm. long, 2-5 mm.
thick.

Common throughout, especially northward, on fallen branches
and trunks of deciduous trees.

ii. POLYPORUS FISSUS Berk.

Pileus flabelliform to subcircular, often depressed at the disk
or behind, convex, very variable in size, 5-15 X 7-20 X 0.3-1
cm. ; surface glabrous, minutely radiate-striate, bay or fuliginous,
rugose on the disk; margin thin, fertile, wavy or lobed, often
splitting with age; context corky, pallid, 2-8 mm. thick; tubes
white to yellowish-brown, decurrent, 2 mm. long, cylindric,
slender, mouths subcircular, very minute, 6-7 to a mm., edges
thin, entire, becoming elongate with age; stipe eccentric, varying
to central or lateral, usually tapering above, fuliginous to nearly
black, pruinose, rugose, 2-6 cm. long, 0.5-2 cm. thick.

26 NORTHERN POLYPORES

Common throughout, especially southward, on fallen dead
wood of deciduous trees.

13. ABORTIPORUS Murrill

Hymenophore annual, tough, humus-loving; stipe normally
central, often obsolete; context yellowish-white, duplex, spongy
above, woody below, tubes thin-walled, mouths polygonal;
spores smooth, hyaline.

i. ABORTIPORUS DISTORTUS (Schw.) Murrill

Pileus normally thin, plane or depressed, circular and centrally
stipitate when properly developed, but often aborted and very
irregular, varying to entirely resupinate forms, 6-13 cm. in
diameter, 0.3-1 cm. thick; surface conspicuously and compactly
tomentose, anoderm, azonate, smooth, white to alutaceous;
margin thin, undulate to lobed, concolorous; context soft and
spongy above, hard and woody below, white or isabelline, 3-5
mm. thick; tubes annual, decurrent, white, 1-5 mm. long, mouths
irregular, variable, 2-3 to a mm., edges thin, entire to dentate;
spores subglobose, 5-7 p. long; stipe central, unequal, very vari-
able, often obsolete, resembling the pileus in surface and context.

Frequent throughout about stumps and buried wood of

deciduous trees.

14. SCUTIGER Paulet

Hymenophore simple, terrestrial, annual, mesopous, usually
bright-colored; surface anoderm, variously decorated; context
white, rarely colored, fleshy to tough, rigid and fragile when
dry; hymenium porose, white or colored, tubes thin-walled ; spores
smooth or rarely echinulate, hyaline.

Surface of pileus uneven, squamose or rugose, yellow. I. S. Ellisii.

Surface of pileus smooth, tomentose or glabrous.
Pileus light-colored.

Pileus white. 2. S. cryptopus.

Pileus blue when fresh, changing to brown on drying. 3. 5. caertileoporu*.
Pileus dark-colored, gray or brown.
Stipe black and rooting.

Pileus smoky-brown, subtomentose; tubes regular,

entire. 4. 5. radicatus.

Pileus drab-colored, nearly glabrous; tubes ir-
regular, toothed. S- S. subradicatus.
Stipe neither black nor rooting.

Pileus gray; stipe short, concolorous. 6. S. griseus.

Pileus brown; stipe yellowish-brown, usually

eccentric. 7. S. Whileae.

NORTHERN POLYPORES 27

I. SCUTIGER ELLISII (Berk.) Murrill

Pileus reniform, convex, cespitose, 12-15 cm. broad, 1-2 cm.
thick; surface sulphur-yellow with a greenish tint, very rough,
with broad, floccose, imbricate scales; margin thick, con-
colorous, inflexed; context white or slightly yellowish, fleshy,
firm, rather hard when dry, with a strong unpleasant odor when
fresh, i cm. or more thick; tubes subdecurrent, 3-5 mm. long,
mouths large, 1-2 to a mm., irregular, angular, edges thin, white
to yellowish, changing to greenish where wounded; spores ovoid,
smooth, 9 X 6ju; stipe lateral or eccentric, slightly flattened,
irregularly roughened, solid, subreticulate, dark-yellow, hard
and corky within, 7-8 cm. long, 4-5 cm. thick.

Found rarely on clayey soil in low woods in New Jersey, as
well as in South Carolina and Alabama.

2. SCUTIGER CRYPTOPUS (Ellis & Earth.) Murrill

Pileus circular, convex, 3-7 cm. broad, 3-4 mm. thick; surface
glabrous, very smooth, white or slightly grayish; margin very
thin, inflexed when dry, concolorous, entire; context white,
1-2 mm. thick; tubes white or yellowish, 1-2 mm. long, slightly
decurrent, mouths angular, large, 1-2 to a mm., edges thin,
entire or fimbriate; spores ellipsoid, pointed, smooth, hyaline,
5-7X3-4^; stipe central, bulbous at the base, cylindric,
darker than the pileus, 1.5-2 cm. long, 3-7 mm. thick.

Occasional in Kansas and Nebraska, attached to dead grass
roots in sandy pastures. Reported also from North Dakota.

3. SCUTIGER CAERULEOPORUS (Peck) Murrill
Pilei gregarious or cespitose; pileus broadly convex, circular
in outline, 2.5-5 X 0.7-1 cm.; surface subtomentose, hygro-
phanous when fresh, isabelline to fulvous; context fleshy, fragile,
white, becoming yellowish-white when dry; tubes decurrent,
short, 3-5 mm. long, grayish-blue when fresh, becoming lateri-
ceous within in dried specimens, mouths angular, irregular,
2-3 to a mm., edges thin, uneven, toothed, grayish-blue when
fresh, becoming bay in dried specimens; stipe central or eccentric,
solid, concolorous or tinged with the color of the pores, 4-5 cm.
long, about 5 mm. thick.

Occasional on the ground in woods in New York, New Eng-
land, and eastern Canada.

4. SCUTIGER RADICATUS (Schw.) Murrill
Pileus solitary, fleshy, convex or plane, circular in outline,
depressed at the center, 10 cm. broad, 5-9 mm. thick; surface

28 NORTHERN POLYPORES

tomentose, subsquamulose, brown or reddish-brown; margin
thin, concolorous, incurved when dry; context soft, spongy,
white, homogeneous, 3-6 mm. thick; tubes decurrent, short,
white to isabelline, mouths subcircular, 2-3 to a mm., edges thin,
white or yellowish, entire; spores ovoid or ellipsoid, smooth,
12-16 X 6-8 fj.; stipe central, fusiform, cylindric above, expanding
into the pileus, elastic, solid, velvety, reticulate, pale-fulvous,
black and rooting below.

Frequent throughout most of the region about rotten stumps
or trunks. Polyporus hispidellus Peck differs in its stiff, erect
hairs, lateral or eccentric stipe, and smaller spores. It is occa-
sional northward, extending across the continent from Prince
Edward Island to Washington.

5. SCUTIGER SUBRADICATUS MurHll

Pileus irregular in outline, convex to plane, 12 X 9 X 0.5 cm.;
surface fibrillose, drab-colored to isabelline; margin very thin,
inflexed when young, irregularly undulate at maturity; context
fleshy-tough, 1-7 mm. thick, milk-white even when dry; tubes
mere areoles at first, short and small at maturity, scarcely I mm.
in length, 3-4 to a mm., decurrent to the blackened part of the
stipe, white, yellowish when dry, mouths polygonal, regular, at
length much elongate by confluence or otherwise irregular,
edges thin, toothed or fimbriate when mature; spores ovate to
ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, not abundant, 5-7X3-4^; stipe
short, thick, central, tapering and attached at the base, sooty-
black up to the pores, 4 X 2.5 cm.; context milk-white, firm,
fleshy-tough, surface minutely tomentose, rugose-reticulate when
dry.

Found occasionally attached to buried dead wood in Ontario,
New York, and Wisconsin.

6. SCUTIGER GRISEUS (Peck) Murrill

Pileus circular, often irregular, convex, 7-12 cm. broad, I cm.
or less thick; surface glabrous or minutely tomentose, cinereous,
slightly darker towards the center; margin thin, concolorous,
often incurved on drying, irregular, undulate to lobed; context
soft-fleshy, rosy-gray, about 5 mm. thick; tubes slightly decur-
rent, 1-2 mm. long, whitish-stuffed when young, white to pale-
umbrinous within, mouths subangular, unequal, 2-4 to a mm.,
edges thin, entire to fimbriate, lacerate with age, white when
young, becoming gray or umbrinous; spores subglobose, echinu-
late, 5-6 X 4.5-5^1; stipe central, thick, short, bulbous at the

NORTHERN POLYPORES 29

base, with surface and substance resembling that of the pileus
but darker in color, 4-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick.

Frequent on the ground in woods in New York, Massachusetts,
and southward.

7. SCUTIGER WHITEAE Murrill

Pilei cespitose, often confluent at the base, all stages of develop-
ment being found in one cluster; pileus subcircular in outline,
convex, depressed at the center, 8-12 X 0.5-1 cm.; surface
pruinose, velvety to the touch, isabelline to fulvous; margin
acute, at first inflexed, irregularly undulate at maturity; context
fleshy-tough, 0.2-0.5 cm. thick, of nutty flavor, rose-tinted when
dry, dark-red next to the tubes; tubes 0.1-0.3 cm. long, 3 to a
mm., very decurrent, white when young and fresh, rose-colored
when bruised or dried, mouths circular or subcircular, edges thin,
fimbriate; spores ovoid, smooth, copious, 3.5 X 5/x; stipe short,
usually eccentric, enlarged at the base, 3 X 2-4 cm., concolorous,
tough.

Occasional in damp, shaded places in New England.

15. GRIFOLA (Micheli) S. F. Gray

Hymenophore large, annual, stipitate, compound, intricately
branched or lobed, humus-loving or epixylous, rarely terrestrial,
usually found at the base of a tree-trunk; surface smooth,
pallid to gray or brown; context white, fleshy or fleshy-tough,
rigid and fragile when dry; tubes large, irregular, thin-walled,
becoming friable or laciniate with age; spores hyaline, smooth
or rarely verrucose.

Hymenium ochraceous, becoming dirty-yellow with age; plants
terrestrial, irregularly confluent, olivaceous to greenish-
yellow. I. C. flavovirens.
Hymenium at first fuliginous, becoming paler. 2. G. Sumstinei.
Hymenium white or pallid from the first.

Surface of pileus gray or grayish-brown to coffee-colored;
stipe intricately branched; pileoli very numerous
and small.

Pileoli lateral, spatulate or dimidiate. 3. G. frondosa.

Pileoli centrally attached, circular and umbilicate. 4. G. ramosissima.

Surface of pileus pallid or alutaceous; stipe not intricately
branched, lobes usually few in number and com-
paratively large.
Sporophore of immense size, 20-60 cm. in diameter;

spores echinulate, 8-9 p. 5. G. Berkeleyi.

Sporophore small for the genus, only 10 cm. or less in

diameter; spores smooth, ovoid, much smaller. 6. G. Peckiana.

3O NORTHERN POLYPORES

i. GRIFOLA FLAVOVIRENS (Berk. & Rav.) Murrill, comb. nov.

Pileus at first simple and centrally stipitate, becoming imbri-
cate-multiplex when fully developed, 8-20 cm. in diameter;
pileoli soft, fleshy, fragile when dry, circular to flabelliform,
pulvinate or depressed to applanate, 5-10 cm. broad, 5-8 mm.
thick; surface sordid-yellow, with yellowish-green zones, be-
coming dull-yellowish-green, finely tomentose to subglabrous;
margin irregular, undulate to lobed, concolorous; context fleshy,
very fragile when dry, 2-4 mm. thick, white to yellowish; tubes
very decurrent, yellow to yellowish-green, 3-5 mm. long, mouths
irregular, circular to sinuous, 1-2 to a mm., at first milk-white,
becoming dirty-yellow, edges thin, fragile, lacerate with age;
spores subglobose, smooth, 3-4.5^; stipe central or eccentric,
pallid, 3-6 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm- thick, becoming tubercular and
connate-ramose at maturity.

Frequent on the ground in woods throughout the eastern
United States westward to Missouri. Very near P. cristatus of
Europe. Grifola poripes (Fries) Murrill is distinct and doubtful.

2. GRIFOLA SUMSTINEI Murrill

A very large plant resembling G. frondosa in habit and general
appearance, but with fewer and broader pileoli, darker surface,
and darker hymenium. Pileus imbricate-multiplex, 20 X 30
cm.; pileoli flabelliform to spatulate, 6-8 X 6-8 X 0.3-0.5 cm.;
surface radiate-rugose, finely tomentose, light- to dark-brown;
margin very thin, fissured and strongly inflexed when dry; con-
text white, fibrous, fleshy-tough to almost leathery, 0.3 cm.
thick; tubes 0.2 cm. long, 7 to a mm., at first fuliginous, becoming
pallid at maturity, polygonal, irregular, edges very thin and
fragile, becoming lacerate; spores globose, smooth, copious,
5 /x; stipe tubercular, woody, blackish below, connate-ramose,
lighter-colored, passing insensibly into the pileoli above.

Occasional about old stumps and trunks of deciduous trees
from New York to Missouri and southward. P. giganteus of
Europe is very similar in appearance.

3. GRIFOLA FRONDOSA (Dicks.) S. F. Gray

Pileus imbricate-multiplex, 15-40 cm. in diameter; pileoli very
numerous, branching from a common trunk, imbricate or con-
fluent, variable in size and shape, dimidiate to flabelliform, 1.5-6
cm. broad; surface smoky-gray, fibrillose, radiate-striate; margin
thin, undulate or lobed, strongly inflexed when dry; context
white, very thin, tough, fragile, having the odor of mice; tubes

NORTHERN POLYPORES 31

white, 2-3 mm. long, mouths circular and regular when young,
3 to a mm., often large and angular with age, edges white, thin,
entire to lacerate; spores subglobose to ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline;
stipe tubercular, white, connate-ramose.

Common throughout at the base of oak trees, causing serious
decay. Edible when young.

4. GRIFOLA RAMOSISSIMA (Scop.) Murrill

Pileus imbricate-multiplex, densely clustered, squarrose, um-
bellate, 12-20 cm. broad; pileoli very numerous, quite regular,
circular in outline, depressed at the center, 1-4 cm. in diameter;
surface usually fuliginous, sometimes light-brown or even white,
fibrillose, very rugose when dry; margin thin, inflexed; context
white, fibrous, very thin, fragile when dry; tubes decurrent,
shallow, mouths angular, 2-3 to a mm., edges thin, entire to
lacerate; spores oblong, 9-10X3-4^; stipe tubercular, with
long cylindric branches, which are white and usually entirely
covered with tubes.

Occasional at the base of oak trees throughout most of the

region.

5. GRIFOLA BERKELEYI (Fries) Murrill

Pileus imbricate-multiplex, 15-50 cm. broad, 10-20 cm. high;
pileoli very broad, applanate to infundibuliform, thin, 5-15 cm.
broad, 5-15 mm. thick; surface white to obscurely alutaceous,
subtomentose, rugose-undulate; margin acute, undulate to
lobed, sterile, often inflexed; context white, tough, fragile when
dry, homogeneous, milky in young plants, 5-10 mm. thick;
tubes decurrent, white, unequal, 2-5 mm. long, mouths angular,
about i mm. broad, edges soft, white, entire, very fragile when
dry; spores globose, roughly echinulate, 6-8 /*; stipe short,
tubercular, 5-10 cm. thick.

Frequent throughout at the base of oak trees, causing serious
decay. In Idaho, this species also attacks the roots of the larch.

6. GRIFOLA PECKIANA (Cooke) Murrill, comb. nov.

Pileus fleshy, tenacious, usually somewhat cespitose-multiplex,
circular to eccentric or infundibuliform, often depressed, 5-10 cm.
broad; surface luteous lightly marked with obscurer lines, gla-
brous or slightly villose, especially on the disk, margin thin,
concolorous, usually undulate or lobed, inflexed when dry; con-
text fleshy, very fragile when dry, white, 1-2 mm. thick; tubes
decurrent, white to yellowish, 1-2 mm. long, mouths small,
angular, 4-5 to a mm., edges thin, fragile, fimbriate; stipe usually

32 NORTHERN POLYPORES

multiple, central or eccentric, sometimes distorted, equal or
slightly attenuate below, paler than the pileus, glabrous, solid,
4 cm. or more long, 5-18 mm. thick.

Occasional in eastern Canada, New York, and Wisconsin,
occurring on the ground in woods, usually associated with decay-
ing wood. This species has been confused with Polyporus
fractipes Berk. & Curt., described from South Carolina.

16. PYCNOPORELLUS Murrill

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, sessile, dimidiate, simple or
imbricate, reddish or orange-colored throughout; surface ano-
derm, margin thin; context thin, friable; tubes thin-walled,
fragile, at length lacerate; spores smooth, hyaline or pale-
yellowish.

i. PYCNOPORELLUS FIBRILLOSUS (P. Karst.) Murrill

Pileus soft, spongy, fragile when dry, thin, dimidiate, imbri-
cate, 3-5 X 6-8 X 0.5-1 cm.; surface anoderm, orange-colored,
fibrillose-tomentose, zonate, at times uneven and sodden in
appearance; margin thin, subentire, tomentose, paler; context
obscurely zoned, orange-colored, friable when dry, spongy and
absorbing water when fresh, 3-5 mm. thick; tubes annual, 3-5
mm. long, pallid to orange-colored, mouths angular, irregular,
1-2 to a mm., edges very thin, pallid and entire when young, at
length orange-colored and very lacerate; spores smooth, oblong,
hyaline or pale-yellowish, 6-7 X 3-4 M-

Occasional on dead coniferous wood in New York and north-
ward, extending around the world. Reported from Massachu-
setts on maple.

17. PYCNOPORUS P. Karst.

Hymenophore annual, sometimes reviving, epixylous, sessile,
dimidiate, simple or imbricate, rarely pseudo-stipitate; surface
anoderm, slightly pelliculose at times, zonate or azonate, bright-
er dull-red; context red, soft-corky to punky; hymenium con-
colorous, tubes small, firm, thin- walled ; spores smooth, hyaline.

i. PYCNOPORUS CINNABARINUS (Jacq.) P. Karst.

Pileus convex-plane, dimidiate, laterally extended, reviving
the second season, 4-6 X 5-10 X 0.5-1 cm.; surface azonate,
rugulose, pruinose to tomentose, at length glabrous, the color
changing from light-orange to cinnabar-red, often fading with
age; margin acute, except in large plants, faintly zonate; context
floccose, elastic, zonate, reddish; tubes nearly equaling the

NORTHERN POLYPORES 33

•

context, firm, miniatous within, the mouths small, 2-3 to a mm.,
regular, coccineous, dissepiments rather thin, entire; spores
6-8 X 2-3 M-

Common throughout on dead wood of various deciduous trees.

1 8. AURANTIPORUS Murrill

Hymenophore large, annual, epixylous, sessile, dimidiate;
surface anoderm, sodden, bibulous, reddish-orange, soon fading;
context reddish-yellow, fleshy-tough to woody, juicy when
fresh, rigid when dry, conspicuously zonate; tubes small, slender,
thin-walled, brilliant-orange when fresh, becoming dark, resinous,
and fragile on drying; spores smooth, hyaline.

i. AURANTIPORUS PILOTAE (Schw.) Murrill

Pileus sessile, often subradicate, dimidiate, convex, 8-20
X 10-40 X 1-3 cm.; surface rugose, sodden, velvety with short
hairs, ochraceous or reddish-orange, soon fading, brownish
behind; margin ochraceous, sterile, tumid, becoming thinner at
maturity; context melleous, tough, watery, elastic, rigid when
dry, conspicuously marked with sordid zones, odor strong but
not characteristic; tubes 5-10 mm. long, luteous-orange to
bright-orange when fresh, becoming dark and resinous on drying,
the mouths small, regular, concolorous, 4-5 to a mm., dissepi-
ments thin, minutely fimbriate; spores 3-4 X 2-3 /j..

Frequent throughout on much-decayed oak and chestnut logs.
Probably not distinct from P. croceus Pers. of Europe.

19. LAETIPORUS Murrill

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, fleshy, anoderm, cespitose-
multiplex; context cheesy to fragile, light-colored; tubes thin-
walled, fragile, bright-yellow, mouths irregularly polygonal;
spores smooth, hyaline.

i. LAETIPORUS SPECIOSUS (Batt.) Murrill

Hymenophore cespitose-multiplex, 30-60 cm. broad; pileus
cheesy, not becoming rigid, reniform, very broad, more or less
stipitate, 5-15 X 7-20 X 0.5-1 cm.; surface finely tomentose to
glabrous, rugose, anoderm, subzonate at times, varying from
lemon-yellow to orange, fading out with age; margin thin, fer-
tile, concolorous, subzonate, finely tomentose, undulate, rarely
lobed; context cheesy, very fragile when dry, yellow when fresh,
usually white in dried specimens, 3-7 mm. thick; tubes annual,
2-3 mm. long, sulphur-yellow within, mouths minute, angular,

34 NORTHERN POLYPORES

somewhat irregular, 3-4 to a mm., edges very thin, lacerate,
sulphur-yellow, the color fairly permanent in dried specimens;
spores ovoid, smooth or finely papillate, 6-8 X 3-5 M-

Common throughout on living trunks of all our deciduous
and evergreen trees, causing a very serious heart-rot. It is one
of the best edible fungi.

20. CERRENELLA Murrill

Hymenophore thin, effused-reflexed, annual, epixylous; surface
brown, zonate, anoderm, margin thin; context thin, coriaceous,
brown; hymenium at first poroid, very soon becoming irpiciform,
the teeth irregular and compressed; spores smooth, hyaline.

i. CERRENELLA FARINACEA (Fries) Murrill

Pileus very thin, soft, flexible, coriaceous, entirely resupinate
or effused-reflexed, the reflexed portion dimidiate, imbricate,
laterally connate, o-i X 1-5 X o.i cm.; surface finely con-
centrically striate, tomentose, umbrinous-chestnut; margin very
thin, undulate to lobed, sterile; context membranous, concolor-
ous, papery-thin; tubes short, I mm. or less, irregular, 2-3 to a
mm., edges thin, fimbriate to lacerate, dentate, separated at a
very young stage forming an irpiciform hymenium, yellowish-
green to olive and finally cinereous and farinaceous; spores
6-7 X 2.5 p.

Occasional on decaying branches of oak and other hardwood
trees in Iowa, Ohio, and southward.

21. CORIOLOPSIS Murrill

Hymenophore thin, flexible or rigid, annual, epixylous, sessile,
dimidiate, often largely resupinate; surface light-brown to bay-
black, zonate, anoderm, rarely encrusted with age, hairy; margin
thin; context thin, coriaceous to woody, isabelline to purplish-
umbrinous, rarely almost white; hymenium concolorous; tubes
small, regular, thin-walled, entire; spores smooth, hyaline.

i. CORIOLOPSIS RIGIDA (Berk. & Mont.) Murrill

Pileus thin, coriaceous, flexible to rigid, effused-reflexed,
imbricate, laterally connate, the reflexed portion flabelliform,
applanate or conchate, 0.5-3 X 3-6 X 0.1-0.2 cm.; surface
spuriously zoned, sometimes zonate behind, concentrically fur-
rowed at times, hirsute to hispid, nearly white to isabelline;
margin very thin, pallid, undulate to lobed; context pallid to

NORTHERN POLYPORES 35

isabelline, membranous; tubes very short, grayish-isabelline
within, mouths fairly regular, circular to slightly angular, 3-4
to a mm., edges white to grayish-white and finally isabelline,
rather thick at first, becoming thin, entire and slightly uneven.
Occasional on dead wood from Pennsylvania to southern
Michigan and southward.

22. FUNALIA Pat.

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, sessile, dimidiate, often semi-
resupinate; surface anoderm, hairy to aculeate; context light-
brown, more or less duplex, spongy above, coriaceous to woody
below; tubes usually large, thin-walled, more or less lacerate;
spores smooth, hyaline.

i. FUNALIA STUPPEA (Berk.) Murrill

Pileus corky to woody, variable in size, dimidiate, decurrent,
imbricate, convex above, 2-6 X 5-12 X 0.5-3 cm-; surface
ferruginous to fulvous, hirsute to villose, azonate, sulcate at
times; margin thin or rounded, concolorous, entire or slightly
undulate; context isabelline, zonate, corky to woody, duplex
in large specimens, being softer above, 0.3-1.5 cm. thick; tubes
rather long, 3-12 mm., whitish-isabelline within, mouths rather
variable in size, subcircular to angular, distorted with age,
averaging about I mm. in diameter, edges thin, fimbriate to
toothed, isabelline to fuscous; spores oblong or slightly curved,

11-13 x 3.5-4 M-

Frequent throughout on dead poplar trunks and less common
on willow and a few other trees. Very similar in some of its
forms to Trametes hispida Bagl. of Europe.

23. HAPALOPILUS P. Karst.

Hymenophore annual, rarely perennial, epixylous, sessile,
dimidiate, simple or imbricate; surface anoderm, rarely pellicu-
lose, zonate or azonate, usually brown and glabrous; context
brown, leathery or corky, tough or rarely friable when dry;
hymenium usually differently colored, tubes small, thin-walled;
spores small, usually ovoid, hyaline.

Hymenium concolorous; context soft and friable. i. H. rutilans.

Hymenium differently colored; context rigid or corky, not friable. 2. H. gilvus.

i. HAPALOPILUS RUTILANS (Pers.) Murrill

Pileus thick, convex above and below, very soft, fleshy,
dimidiate, usually broadly attached, more or less imbricate at

36 NORTHERN POLYPORES

times, 2-4 X 3.5-7 X 0.5-1.5 cm.; surface smooth, anoderm,
azonate, finely villose to glabrous, ochraceous-isabelline to bay-
brown; margin rather thick, entire or undulate, becoming red-
dish-brown when bruised; context spongy, friable when dry,
ochraceous-isabelline, 3-7 mm. thick; tubes rather long, slender,
isabelline to pale-fulvous, 3-6 mm. long, mouths angular,
averaging 3 to a mm., somewhat irregular with age, edges
isabelline, whitish when young, thin, very fragile, subentire;
spores ellipsoid or globose, 3 X 2.5 IJL.

Frequent on dead deciduous wood, especially hickory, from
Canada southward to Virginia and Kansas.

2. HAPALOPILUS GILVUS (Schw.) Murrill

Pileus corky, dimidiate, imbricate, applanate or conchate,
3-6 X 5-10 X 0.5-1.5 cm.; surface finely tomentose to glabrous,
azonate, isabelline to fulvous, often marked with indistinct
purplish-fuscous bands, rugulose to uneven; margin thin, fer-
ruginous, entire to undulate, abruptly sterile; context ferruginous,
fibrous-spongy to corky, zonate, 3-7 mm. thick; tubes short,
slender, avellaneous to grayish-umbrinous within, 3-5 mm. long,
often found stratified, especially in the tropics, mouths small,
regular, circular to angular, 6-8 to a mm., edges at first thick,
pale-ferruginous, becoming thin, entire, glistening, olivaceous-
fuscous to purplish-fuscous; spores elongate-ellipsoid, 4-6
X 2-4 /i; cystidia chestnut-colored, ovate-subulate, 15-20 X

4-5 M-

Extremely common on dead deciduous wood throughout.

Also reported common on red cedar about Washington, D. C.

24. ISCHNODERMA P. Karst.

Hymenophore large, annual, epixylous, sessile; surface pellicu-
lose, glabrous; context light-brown, fleshy to slightly corky,
friable when dry; tubes small, thin-walled; spores smooth,
hyaline.

i. ISCHNODERMA FULIGINOSUM (Scop.) Murrill

Pileus very large, subimbricate, laterally connate, effused-
reflexed, often covering the entire under surface of logs, the
reflexed portion applanate, 5-15 cm. long, 10 to many cm.
broad, 1-2.5 cm. thick; surface pelliculose, floccose, rugose,
zonate, fuliginous, ivory-black, and dark-fulvous, with a con-
spicuous resinous appearance; margin acute, concolorous, inflexed
on drying, entire or undulate; context fleshy, becoming corky

NORTHERN POLYPORES 37

with age, very firm and rather fragile when dry, light-brown,
5-10 mm. thick; tubes pallid to umbrinous, 5-8 mm. long,
mouths minute, white, angular, equal, becoming umbrinous and
somewhat irregular with age, edges thin, fimbriate to lacerate;
spores cylindric, subcurved, 4-6 X 1.5-2 IJL.

Frequent throughout on fallen trunks of basswood, maple,
fir, spruce, and certain other trees.

25. ANTRODIA P. Karst.

Hymenophore small, annual, epixylous, sessile or semi-
resupinate; surface zonate, encrusted, glabrous; context thin,
light-brown, fibrous; tubes short, firm, thin-walled; spores
smooth, hyaline.

i. ANTRODIA MOLLIS (Sommerf.) P. Karst.

Pileus sessile or semiresupinate, often broadly effused, the
reflexed portion irregular, imbricate, conchate, often plicate,
1-2 cm. long, 2-8 cm. broad, less than 5 mm. thick; surface
light-brown to umbrinous or black, encrusted, conspicuously
multizonate, finely tomentose to glabrous, uneven; margin acute,
rather thick, sterile, pale-brown, finely tomentose; context very
thin, membranous, light-brown next to the tubes, fulvous above
with a black line between ; tubes very variable in size and shape,
avellaneous within, 2-4 mm. long, mouths circular to sinuous,
1-3 to a mm., edges rather thick, firm, entire, often splitting
into flat teeth in old plants; spores elongate-ellipsoid, 9-11
X 4-5 /*•

Frequent throughout on dead deciduous wood.

26. INONOTUS P. Karst.

Hymenophore annual, epixylous, sessile, dimidiate, simple or
somewhat imbricate, variable in size; surface usually anoderm,
brown, hairy or glabrous; context brown, thin and fibrous to
spongy or corky; hymenium concolorous, usually covered with
whitish powder in youth, tubes small, thin-walled; spores
smooth, light- to dark-brown.

Sporophore large, 10-30 cm. or more broad.

Surface conspicuously hirsute. i. /. hirsutus.

Surface glabrous or nearly so.

Spores pale-brown. 2. I. dryadeus.

Spores deep-brown. 3. /. dryophilus.

Sporophore of medium size, about 5-10 cm. broad.

Spores deep-brown in color; surface tomentose. 4. /. per plexus.

Spores faintly tinged with brown; surface glabrous or sub-
glabrous. 5- /. radiatus.

38 NORTHERN POLYPORES

1. INONOTUS HIRSUTUS (Scop.) Murrill

Pileus thick, compact, fleshy to spongy, dimidiate, sometimes
imbricate, compressed-ungulate, 7-10 X 10-15 X 3-5 cm.; sur-
face hirsute, ferruginous to fulvous, azonate, smooth; margin
obtuse, velvety; context spongy-corky, somewhat fragile when
dry, ferruginous to fulvous, blackening with age, 1-1.5 cm.
thick; tubes slender, about I cm. long, ferruginous within,
mouths angular, 2-3 to a mm., ferruginous to bay, blackening
with age, edges thin, very fragile, lacerate; spores broadly ovoid,
smooth, thick-walled, deep-ferruginous, 2-guttulate, 7-8 X 5-6 /JL.

Occasional throughout on living trunks of oak and certain
other deciduous trees. A very abundant and destructive enemy
of shade trees in Europe.

2. INONOTUS DRYADEUS (Fries) Murrill

Sporophore of immense size, dimidiate, rarely circular, usually
imbricate, applanate or depressed above, convex below, fleshy
to spongy-corky, rather fragile when dry, 15-30 X 25-65 X 3-5
cm.; surface very uneven, azonate, opaque, hoary-isabelline,
anoderm to very thinly encrusted, subshining and bay; margin
thick, pallid, entire to undulate, weeping; context thick, zonate,
subglistening, ferruginous-isabelline to fulvous, 2.5-4 cm<
thick; tubes grayish-umbrinous to fulvous within, 5-15 mm. long,
slender, very fragile, mouths whitish when young, becoming
somewhat resinous in appearance and finally bay-brown, at first
minute, circular, becoming angular, 4 to a mm., edges thin,
fimbriate to lacerate, deeply splitting and separating with age;
spores subglobose, smooth, 8-10 X 7-8 /x, the outer wall hyaline,
the inner membrane brown; cystidia 15-35 X 5~9 /*•

Occasional throughout as a root parasite of various species of
oak, the large sporophores appearing near the base of the trunk.
Attention is called to recent studies of this species and the next
by W. H. Long.

3. INONOTUS DRYOPHILUS (Berk.) Murrill

Pileus thick, unequal, unguliform, subimbricate, rigid, 7-8
X 10-14 X 2-3 cm.; surface hoary-flavous to ferruginous-
fulvous, becoming scabrous and bay with age; margin thick,
usually obtuse, sterile, pallid, entire or undulate; context fer-
ruginous to fulvous, zonate, shining, 3-10 mm. thick; tubes
slender, concolorous with the context, about I cm. long, mouths
regular, angular, 2-3 to a mm., glistening, whitish-isabelline to

NORTHERN POLYPORES 39

dark-fulvous, edges thin, entire to toothed; spores subglobose,
smooth, deep-ferruginous, 6-7 ju; cystidia scanty and short.

Occasional throughout on living or dead oak trunks, causing
serious decay.

4. INONOTUS PERPLEXUS (Peck) Murrill

Pileus spongy-fleshy, fibrous, sessile, dimidiate to flabelliform,
often narrowly attached, usually imbricate, somewhat laterally
connate, 4-6 X 5-10 X 0.5-1 cm.; surface hairy-tomentose to
setose-hispid, grayish-tawny to ferruginous, azonate, smooth,
anoderm, becoming somewhat glabrous and subzonate with age;
margin acute, sterile, pallid, entire; context tawny-ferruginous,
subzonate, 2-3 mm. thick; tubes 3-5 mm. long, brownish-
ferruginous within, mouths angular to irregular, 3-4 to a mm.,
edges acute, fimbriate to lacerate, hoary to dark-fulvous; spores
broadly ellipsoid, smooth, deep-ferruginous, 5-7 X 4-5. 5 M-

Rather common throughout on dead or decaying trunks of
beech, maple, and other deciduous trees. Near P. cuticularis of

Europe.

5. INONOTUS RADIATUS (Sow.) P. Karst.

Pileus corky to woody, imbricate, confluent, sessile, umbonate
behind, especially when young, 3-5 X 6-9 X 0.5-1 cm.; surface
radiate-rugose to very uneven, minutely velvety to glabrous,
fulvous to ferruginous-fuscous or almost black behind; margin
thin, pallid, undulate to lobed; context subzonate, ferruginous
to dark-fulvous, 1-3 mm. thick; tubes slender, grayish-umbrinous
to fulvous, about 5 mm. long, mouths angular, somewhat ir-
regular, 3-5 to a mm., edges whitish at first, becoming dark-
fulvous with age, glistening, thin, fimbriate to lacerate; spores
ellipsoid, luteolous, 4-6 X 3-4 /*.

Rather common throughout on decayed alder, birch, maple,
and certain other deciduous trees. The usual form found on
maple is quite different from the typical form on alder and birch
and has been called P. glomeratus by Peck. The same two forms
are said to occur in Europe.

27. PHAEOLUS Pat.

Hymenophore large, irregular, annual, spongy to corky,
epixylous; stipe simple, variously attached, wanting at times;
surface of pileus anoderm, hispid; context ferruginous; tubes
irregular, thin-walled; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline; cystidia

none.

40 NORTHERN POLYPORES

i. PHAEOLUS SISTOTREMOIDES (Alb. & Schw.) Murrill

Pileus spongy, circular, varying to dimidiate or irregular, 15-
20 cm. broad, 0.5-2 cm. thick; surface setose-hispid to strigose-
tomentose and scrupose in zones, ochraceous-ferruginous to
fulvous-castaneous or darker, quite uneven, somewhat sulcate,
obscurely zonate; margin yellow, rather thick, sterile; context
very soft and spongy, fragile when dry, sometimes indurate with
age, flavous-ferruginous to fulvous, 0.3-0.7 mm. thick; tubes
short, 2-5 mm. long, flavous within, mouths large, irregular,
averaging I mm. in diameter, edges thin, becoming lacerate,
ochraceous-olivaceous to fuliginous, rose-tinted when young
and fresh, quickly changing to dark-red when bruised; spores
ellipsoid, 7-8 X 3-4 /*; stipe central to lateral or obsolete, very
irregular, tubercular or very short, resembling the pileus in surface
and substance.

Very common throughout on trunks, stumps, and roots of
various coniferous trees, causing a very serious reddish-brown
rot of the roots and lower part of the trunk.

28. COLTRICIELLA Murrill

Hymenophore small, annual, tough, epixylous; stipe attached
to the vertex of the pileus; surface of the pileus anoderm, zonate;
context spongy, fibrous, ferruginous; tubes angular, one-layered,
dissepiments thin; spores ellipsoid, smooth, ferruginous.

i. COLTRICIELLA DEPENDENS (Berk. & Curt.) Murrill

Hymenophore gregarious or cespitose; pileus very small,
conic, pendant, vertically attached, 1-2 cm. broad, about i cm.
thick; surface cinnamon-colored, soft, elongate-striate, sericeous,
subzonate; margin acute, fibrillose; context spongy, very thin,
ferruginous-fulvous, 1-2 mm. thick; tubes long, 5-8 mm., fulvous,
mouths large, angular, 1-2 to a mm., smaller near the margin,
edges thin, toothed, yellowish to fulvous; spores ellipsoid,
smooth, ferruginous, 7-8 X 3.5-4/1; stipe central, attached at
the vertex, cylindric, gradually enlarging as it approaches the
pileus, about i cm. long, 1-3 mm. thick, resembling the pileus
in surface and substance.

Occasional on decorticated pine wood in New Jersey.

29. COLTRICIA (Micheli) S. F. Gray

Hymenophore annual, terrestrial or humus-loving, simple,
small to medium, usually circular and central-stemmed; surface

NORTHERN POLYPORES 41

anoderm, brown, zonate or azonate; context yellowish or brown,
coriaceous to spongy; hymenium concolorous, covered with
yellowish or whitish powder when young; tubes thin-walled, at
length fimbriate; spores smooth, rounded, yellowish-brown;
cystidia rarely present.

Pileus concentrically zonate; context very thin.

Pileus shining-cinnamon, strigose, striate, thin, flexible,
slightly depressed, the margin often fimbriate or pseudo-
ciliate. i. C. cinnamomea.

Pileus dull-rusty-cinnamon to hoary, velvety to glabrous,
deeply depressed, the margin thicker and less fim-
briate.

Tubes small, 0.5 mm. or less in diameter. 2. C. perennis.

Tubes large, i mm. in diameter. 3. C. focicola.

Pileus usually azonate; context rather thick and spongy.

Context duplex, soft above and woody below; hymenium

beset with cystidia. 4- C- tomentosa.

Context homogeneous; hymenium free from cystidia. 5. C. obesa.

i. COLTRICIA CINNAMOMEA (Jacq.) Murrill

Pileus coriaceous, thin, circular, umbilicate, sometimes deeply
so, 1-4 cm. in diameter, 1-2 mm. thick; surface bright-cinnamon,
cinereous, shining, strigose-striate, zonate; margin undulate to
slightly lobed, fimbriate, concolorous; context membranous,
concolorous, less than a mm. thick; tubes pale-umbrinous
within, 1-2 mm. long, slightly decurrent, mouths rather large,
angular, ferruginous to fulvous, 2-3 to a mm., edges thin, fimbri-
ate-dentate, collapsing with age; spores ellipsoid, pale-yellowish-
brown, smooth, 6-8X4-6/1; stipe central, velvety, reddish-
fuscous, nearly equal, 2-4 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick.

Common throughout on mossy soil or wood almost reduced to

humus.

2. COLTRICIA PERENNIS (L.) Murrill

Pileus coriaceous, circular, infundibuliform, 3-6 cm. broad,
1.5-3 mm- thick; surface zonate, short-tomentose, substriate,
ferruginous to cinereous, the zones sometimes glabrous and
chestnut-colored; margin very thin, entire to lacerate, inflexed
when dry; context very thin, concolorous, scarcely a mm. thick;
tubes short, grayish-umbrinous within, 1-3 mm. long, mouths
small, angular, 2-4 to a mm., whitish when young, becoming
fulvous, edges thin, dentate to lacerate, soon collapsing; spores
ovoid, smooth, pale-yellowish-brown, 4-6 X 2-3.5/1; stipe bul-
bous and often united with that of neighboring plants at the
base, tapering upward, velvety, ferruginous to fulvous, solid,
corky, 3-5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick.

42 NORTHERN POLYPORES

Common throughout, especially northward, usually on exposed
or burnt soil in woods.

3. COLTRICIA FOCICOLA (Berk. & Curt.) Murrill

Pileus membranous, circular, umbilicate, 3-6 cm. in diam-
eter, 0.5-1 cm. thick; surface velvety, cinnamon to cinereous,
multizonate; margin thin, entire or undulate; context very thin,
ferruginous to fulvous, scarcely I mm. in thickness; tubes long,
ample, ferruginous to fulvous within, 5-8 mm. long, mouths
1-2 mm. in diameter, angular, fulvous, edges thin, toothed,
becoming lacerate and collapsed with age, causing the pores to
appear much smaller than they really are; spores oblong-el-
lipsoid, smooth, pale-yellowish-brown, abundant, i-guttulate,
6 X 3-5 M; stipe central, cylindric, slightly enlarged at the base,
velvety, ferruginous to fulvous, solid, corky, 2-3 cm. long, 3-5
mm. thick.

Frequent on burnt soil in woods from Connecticut southward.

4. COLTRICIA TOMENTOSA (Fries) Murrill

Pileus circular, varying to dimidiate, sometimes cespitose,
6-12 cm. in diameter, 3-5 mm. thick; surface ferruginous-fulvous,
azonate, rarely subzonate, tomentose, plane or depressed at the
center; margin lighter in color, sterile, acute, entire to lobed;
context duplex, soft-corky, concolorous and spongy above,
corky-woody, fibrous and flavous-ferruginous below, 2-4 mm.
thick; tubes sometimes decurrent, about I mm. long, avellaneous
within, mouths small, equal, angular, 3-5 to a mm., covered at
first with a whitish substance, edges white, entire, becoming
grayish-umbrinous, very thin and toothed with age; spores
ellipsoid, smooth, pale-yellowish-brown, 5-7 X2-4ju; cystidia
abundant, more or less curved, ovate-lanceolate at first, becoming
more slender, fulvous-brown, 50-75 X 6-15 /*; stipe central to
lateral or wanting, unequal, obese, fulvous, tomentose, re-
sembling the context within, 0-5 cm. long, 5-15 mm. thick.

Common throughout under coniferous trees, usually attached
to coniferous wood.

5. COLTRICIA OBESA (Ellis & Ev.) Murrill

Hymenophore simple or cespitose, sometimes connate; pileus
circular, convex to depressed, 4-6 cm. broad, 5-10 mm. thick;
surface fulvous, tomentose, azonate, smooth or pelliculose;
margin yellowish-cinnamon, obtuse, becoming acute, entire or
undulate; context homogeneous, soft, friable, fulvous, 4-8 mm.

NORTHERN POLYPORES 43

thick; tubes short, about I mm. in length, pale-avellaneous
within, mouths irregular, circular to radially-elongate and
slightly sinuous, 0.5-1 mm. broad, edges becoming acute and
slightly toothed, white to fulvous; spores ellipsoid, smooth,
ferruginous, 7-8 X 4-5 At; stipe central, spongy, tomentose,
fulvous, 4-6 cm. long, 5-15 mm. thick above, enlarged below,
1-3 cm. in thickness.

Occasional on buried pine branches from Canada to North
Carolina and west to Ohio. There is little to distinguish this
species from P. Montagnei Fries.

30. CRYPTOPORUS (Peck) Hubbard

Hymenophore subglobose, sessile, epixylous; surface smooth,
encrusted; context white, corky; tubes white, concealed at first
by a volva, which is perforated at one or more points at maturity;
mouths constricted, discolored; spores smooth, hyaline.

i. CRYPTOPORUS VOLVATUS (Peck) Hubbard

Pileus simple, sessile, rarely spuriously stipitate, globose to
ungulate, 2-6 cm. broad, 1.5-3 cm- thick; surface white, some-
times slightly reddish-brown, smooth, slightly viscid or resinous
when young, glabrous, marked with anastomosing depressed
lines in larger specimens; margin very rounded, concolorous,
smooth, produced into a volva covering the tubes, at length
ruptured at 1-3 points forming small rounded or irregular aper-
tures; context soft-corky, homogeneous, white, 2-5 mm. thick;
tubes 1-1.5 mm. long, isabelline to umbrinous, mouths angular,
yellow with a tinge of cinnamon, 3 to a mm., edges thick, be-
coming thin, entire; spores oblong, hyaline or pale-flesh-colored,
11-13 X 4-5 M-

Occasional throughout on dead coniferous wood. The species
is largely dependent on insects for its distribution. The sporo-
phores often emerge through insect tunnels, the volva is punc-
tured by insects, and the spores are carried to other trunks by
insects. See supplementary notes.

31. FOMES Gill.

Hymenophore sessile, ungulate or applanate, epixylous;
surface anoderm or encrusted, sulcate, rarely zonate; context
white, wood-colored, or flesh-colored, corky or woody, rarely
punky; tubes cylindric, usually thick- walled, stratose; spores
smooth, hyaline or subhyaline.

44

NORTHERN POLYPORES

Context flesh-colored; light-brown in faded specimens.
Tubes 1-2 mm. long each season; spores ellipsoid.
Tubes 3-5 mm. long each season; spores globose.
Context white or nearly so.
Pileus less than 3 cm. broad.

Pileus ungulate, becoming black only at the base,
zonate and concentrically sulcate in age; tubes
over 2 mm. long.

Pileus scutellate, uniformly black even when young;
tubes less than 2 mm. long, context thinner than
the tube-layer.
Pileus more than 3 cm. broad.

Pileus encrusted, surface darker than the context.
Pileus thin, distinctly zonate, irregular or appla-

nate; crust brown to black.

Pileus thick, sulcate, ungulate, rarely applanate.
Surface soon becoming rimose, deeply sulcate;
older pores visible in the upper projecting
annual layers; pileus exactly ungulate;
found only on Shepherdia.
Surface not as above.

Mouths of tubes 4-5 to a mm.; surface
often resinous, bay or black in color;
abundant on conifers.

Mouths of tubes 2-3 to a mm.; surface
gray to black, never resinous nor red-
dish; found only on ash and a few other
deciduous trees.
Pileus rarely encrusted, surface concolorous with the

context.

Pileus chalk-white or slightly yellowish through-
out, cylindric; context friable, bitter; growing
on conifers.
Pileus not as above; growing on deciduous trees.

1. F. roseus.

2. F. fraxineus.

3. F. ohiensis.

4. F. scutellatus.

5. F. annosus.

6. F. Ellisianus.

7. F. ungulatus.

8. F. fraxinophilus.

9. F. Laricis.
10. F. populinus.

i. FOMES ROSEUS (Alb. & Schw.) Cooke

Pileus woody, dimidiate, varying from conchate to ungulate,
often imbricate and longitudinally effused, 2-4 X 6-8 X 0.5-3
cm.; surface rugose, subfasciate, slightly sulcate, rosy or flesh-
colored, becoming gray or black with age; margin acute, becoming
obtuse, sterile, pallid, often undulate; context floccose-fibrose to
corky, rose-colored, 0.2-2 cm. thick; tubes indistinctly stratose,
1-2 mm. long each season, mouths circular, 3-4 to a mm., edges
obtuse, concolorous; spores ellipsoid, smooth, thick-walled,
subhyaline, 3.5 X 6 /*.

Common throughout on living or dead trunks of conifers, and
occasionally on deciduous trees, causing a serious rot. The

NORTHERN POLYPORES 45

variation in the form of the sporophore from conchate to ungu-
late is sometimes very puzzling.

2. FOMES FRAXINEUS (Bull.) Cooke

Pileus corky to woody, dimidiate, applanate, usually imbri-
cate, often laterally confluent, thinner in American forms, 4-10
X 6-15 X 1-6 cm.; surface velvety to glabrous, zonate at times,
concentrically sulcate with age, at first white owing to a covering
of fine waxy hairs, becoming bay and finally nearly black with
age; margin thin or tumid, sterile, cream-colored, pulverulent
with reddish blotches, becoming dark and hygrophanous when
bruised; context punky, becoming corky, isabelline, tinged with
carneous when fresh, 0.5-5 cm- thick; tubes indistinctly strati-
fied, 0.5-1 cm. long each season, isabelline when old, reddish-
flesh-colored in the younger layers, mouths subcircular, 4 to a
mm., edges obtuse, entire, light-flesh-colored, covered at first
with a white waxy coat, quickly changing to a darker color when
bruised; spores subglobose, smooth, subhyaline, 6-7 X 5-6 ju.

Frequent on trunks and stumps of certain deciduous trees in
New York, Illinois, Ohio, and Michigan.

3. FOMES OHIENSIS (Berk.) Murrill

Pileus woody, ungulate, narrow and sometimes decurrent
behind, often laterally connate, 0.5-1.5 X 1-2 X 0.3-1 cm.;
surface minutely velvety to glabrous, zonate, light-brown,
becoming black at the base, and concentrically sulcate with age;
margin obtuse, pallid, often undulate; context corky, pallid,
indistinctly zonate, 2-5 mm. thick; tubes distinctly stratified,
3-6 mm. long each season, nearly white within, mouths circular,
3 to a mm., edges obtuse, chalky- white, becoming cremeous;
spores globose, smooth, hyaline, 5^; conidia ovoid, smooth,
hyaline, 12-13 X 7-8 ju.

Frequent throughout on structural timbers and dead branches
of deciduous trees.

4. FOMES SCUTELLATUS (Schw.) Cooke

Pileus woody, dimidiate or scutellate, concave below, 0.5-0.7
X 1-1.5 X 0.3-0.5 cm.; surface rugose, tuberculose, zonate,
fuscous-black; margin acute, deflexed, pallid to light-brown;
context woody, indistinctly zonate, isabelline, 2-3 mm. thick;
tubes indistinctly stratified, 1-1.5 rnm. long each season, isa-
belline within, mouths subcircular to rhomboid, 4 to a mm.,
edges rather thin, obtuse, entire, chalk-white, becoming avel-
laneous.

46 NORTHERN POLYPORES

Frequent in the eastern United States westward to Iowa on
dead branches and timbers of alder, witch hazel, and other
deciduous trees and shrubs.

5. FOMES ANNOSUS (Fries) Cooke

Pileus woody, dimidiate, very irregular, conchate to applanate,
10-13 X 5-8 X 0.5-2 cm.; surface at first velvety, rugose,
anoderm, light-brown, becoming thinly encrusted, zonate, and
finally black with age; margin pallid, acute, becoming thicker;
context soft-corky to woody, white, 0.3-0.5 cm. thick; tubes
unevenly stratified, 2-8 mm. long each season, white, mouths
subcircular to irregular, 3-4 to a mm., edges rather thin, entire,
firm, white, unchanging; spores subglobose or ellipsoid, smooth,
hyaline, 5-6 X 4-5 M-

Common throughout on trunks and roots of various coniferous
trees, and rarely on deciduous trees, causing serious decay.

6. FOMES ELLISIANUS F. W. Anderson

Pileus dimidiate, ungulate, woody, 4-7 X 6-8 X 2-5 cm.;
surface radiate-rugose, sulcate, light-bay or brown, becoming
rimose and darker with age; margin obtuse or rounded, pallid,
fertile; context corky, pale-ochraceous, 0.5-1 cm. thick, becoming
scanty in the older sporophores; tubes indistinctly stratified,
concolorous with the context, fragile, 0.5-1 .5 cm. long each season,
mouths subcircular, 3 to a mm., edges rather thick, pruinose when
young, becoming concolorous; spores ovoid to slightly oblong,
smooth, 5-6 X 4-5 M.

Occasional on living trunks and branches of Shepherdia argentea
in South Dakota, as well as in Montana, Colorado, and New
Mexico. Very near Fomes fraxinophihis .

7. FOMES UNGULATUS (Schaeff.) Sacc.

Pileus corky to woody, ungulate, 8-15 X 12-40 X 6-10 cm.;
surface glabrous, sulcate, reddish-brown to gray or black, often
resinous; margin at first acute to tumid, pallid, becoming yellow-
ish or reddish-chestnut; context woody, pallid, 0.5-1 cm. thick;
tubes distinctly stratified, 3-5 mm. long each season, white to
isabelline, mouths circular, 3-5 to a mm., edges obtuse, white to
cream-colored; spores ovoid, smooth, 6 /j..

Extremely common throughout on living trunks of conifers
and less frequent on deciduous trees growing near, causing a
serious disease.

NORTHERN POLYPORES 47

8. FOMES FRAXINOPHILUS (Peck) SacC.

Pileus woody, subtriangular, compressed-ungulate, usually
decurrent, 5-10 X 6-12 X 2-4 cm.; surface white, pulverulent
or finely tomentose, concentrically sulcate, becoming gray or
black and rimose with age; margin tumid, white or yellowish,
velvety to the touch ; context corky to woody, zonate, isabelline,
0.5-1 cm. thick; tubes evenly but indistinctly stratified, 2-4 mm.
long each season, white when young, concolorous with the
context in the older layers, mouths white, subcircular, 2 to a
mm., edges obtuse; spores broadly ellipsoid, smooth, thin-walled,
7-8 X 6-7 n.

Common throughout on living trunks of ash, rarely on other
deciduous trees, causing a serious disease.

9. FOMES LARICIS (Jacq.) Murrill

Pileus firm, at length fragile, ungulate to cylindric, 3-8 X 5-10
X 4-20 cm.; surface anoderm, powdery, white or slightly yellow-
ish, concentrically sulcate, becoming slightly encrusted, tubercu-
lose and rimose; margin obtuse, concolorous; context soft, tough,
at length friable, chalk- white or slightly yellowish, very bitter,
with the odor of fresh meal, 1-3 cm. thick; tubes evenly stratified,
concolorous, 5-10 mm. long each season, mouths circular to
angular, 3-4 to a mm., edges thin, fragile, white, becoming dis-
colored and lacerate, wearing away with age; spores ovoid,
4 X 5/z.

Occasional on larch, pine, and spruce trunks in Michigan and
westward. Long used in medicine in Europe, where it is much
more common.

10. FOMES POPULINUS (Schum.) Cooke

Pileus corky to woody, effused-reflexed, rarely applanate,
2-4 X 5-10 X 1-3 cm.; surface anoderm, velvety, white or
yellowish, usually overgrown with moss or otherwise disfigured
with age; margin acute, slightly deflexed, concolorous, blackish
where bruised, becoming thicker with age; context punky to
corky, white to ochroleucous, 3-8 mm. thick; tubes very dis-
tinctly stratified, 1-2 mm. long each season, concolorous, with a
resinous luster, mouths subcircular to angular, minute, 5-6 to a
mm., edges thin, uneven, white to cremeous, glistening; spores
globose, thin-walled, smooth, 3-4 p..

Rather common throughout on living trunks of maple and
certain other deciduous trees, causing decay.

48 NORTHERN POLYPORES

32. PYROPOLYPORUS Murrill

Hymenophore large, perennial, epixylous, sessile, ungulate or
applanate; surface sulcate, usually anoderm and often rough or
rimose; context woody or punky, brown; tubes brown, cylindric,
stratose, usually thick-walled; spores smooth, hyaline.

Pileus thick, ungulate; not found on Prunus.

Context fulvous, opaque. I. P. igniarius.

Context melleous, lustrous. 2. P. Bakeri.

Pileus thick, terraced, imbricate or semiresupinate; margin

making an obtuse angle; found on Prunus. 3. P. fulvus.

Pileus thin, conchate, largely resupinate. 4. P. conchatus.

i. PYROPOLYPORUS IGNIARIUS (L.) Murrill

Pileus woody, ungulate, sessile, 6-7 X 8-10 X 5-12 cm.;
surface smooth, encrusted, opaque, velvety to glabrous, fer-
ruginous to fuscous, becoming black and rimose with age;
margin obtuse, sterile, ferruginous to hoary, tomentose; context
woody, distinctly zonate, ferruginous to fulvous, 2-3 cm. thick;
tubes evenly stratified, 2-4 mm. long each season, fulvous,
whitish-stuffed in age, mouths circular, minute, 3-4 to a mm.,
edges obtuse, ferruginous to fulvous, hoary when young; spores
globose, smooth, hyaline, 6-7 /*; cystidia 10-25 X 5-6 /*.

Common throughout on living trunks of various deciduous
trees, causing a very serious heart-rot. Formerly a source of

tinder.

2. PYROPOLYPORUS BAKERI Murrill

Pileus compressed-ungulate to applanate, dimidiate, slightly
decurrent, 4-10 X 8-20 X 3-5 cm.; surface smooth, anoderm,
becoming glabrous, 2-3 times deeply sulcate, isabelline to gray
or umbrinous; margin very broad and rounded, ferruginous,
finely tomentose, perfectly smooth ; context woody, dark-luteous,
somewhat shining, 1.5-2 cm. thick; tubes distinctly stratified,
5-7 mm. long each season, avellaneous to fulvous within, mouths
circular, 4 to a mm., edges obtuse, entire, light-yellowish to
fuliginous; spores globose, smooth, hyaline, 5 /j..

Occasional on oak and black birch trunks in Wisconsin, Mis-
souri, and westward.

3. PYROPOLYPORUS FULVUS (Scop.) Murrill

Pileus woody, triquetrous, rarely ungulate, thick and broadly
attached behind, 1-3 X 5-7 X 3-8 cm.; surface smooth, very
slightly sulcate, velvety, ferruginous, becoming horny and

NORTHERN POLYPORES 49

glabrous and finally nearly black with age; margin subobtuse,
ferruginous, velvety; context woody, fulvous, 1-2 cm. thick;
tubes evenly stratified, 2-3 mm. long each season, fulvous,
mouths circular, 3 to a mm., edges obtuse, entire, ferruginous to
fulvous; spores globose, compressed on one side, hyaline, 5.5-6
X 4.5-5 M; cystidia fulvous, ventricose, 15-20 X 7-9 M-

Frequent throughout on diseased trunks and stumps of various
species of Prunus, causing decay.

4. PYROPOLYPORUS CONCHATUS (Pers.) Murrill

Pileus conchate, broadly effused and often entirely resupinate,
1-5 X 7-10 X 0.5-1.5 cm.; surface rough, tomentose, irregularly
sulcate, anoderm, brown to black, becoming thinly encrusted and
slightly rimose with age; margin acute, undulate, ferruginous to
fulvous, tomentose; context woody, thin, fulvous, 1-3 mm.
thick; tubes indistinctly stratified, 1-2 mm. long each season,
fulvous, mouths circular, 5-6 to a mm., edges obtuse, ferruginous
to fulvous; spores globose, smooth, hyaline, 4-5 /j,; cystidia dark-
brown, ventricose, 15-30 X 7-9 M-

Frequent throughout on decaying deciduous trunks.

33. FULVIFOMES Murrill, gen. nov.

Hymenophore large, perennial, epixylous, sessile, ungulate or
applanate; surface sulcate, usually anoderm and often rough or
rimose; context woody or punky, brown, rarely dark-red; tubes
brown, cylindric, stratose, usually thick- walled ; spores smooth,
ferruginous or fulvous.

Type species, Pyropolyporus Robiniae Murrill.

Context fulvous.

Pileus thick, ungulate.

Tubes short, 1-5 mm. long each season; found only on

Robinia. i. F. Robiniae.

Tubes long, over 5 mm. each season; found usually on

Quercus. 2. F. Everhartii.

Pileus thin, conchate to applanate; found usually on Ribes. 3. F. Ribis.
Context reddish-brown; found only on Juniperus. 4. F. juniperinus.

i. FULVIFOMES ROBINIAE Murrill, comb. nov.

Pileus dimidiate, ungulate to applanate, 5-25 X 5-50 X 2-12
cm.; surface velvety, smooth, soon becoming very rimose and
roughened, fulvous to purplish-black, at length dull-black,
deeply and broadly concentrically sulcate; margin rounded,
velvety, fulvous; context hard, woody, concentrically banded,

50 NORTHERN POLYPORES

1-3 cm. thick, fulvous; tubes stratose, 0.15-0.5 cm. long, 5 to a
mm., fulvous, mouths subcircular, edges entire, equaling the
tubes in thickness; spores subglobose, smooth, thin-walled,
ferruginous, 4-5 /JL.

Common throughout the range of its host, Robinia Pseud-acacia,
causing a very serious rot of this tree. The sporophores were
formerly used by colored people for keeping fire over night.

2. FULVIFOMES EvERHARTii (Ellis & Gall.) Murrill, comb. nov.

Pileus dimidiate, ungulate, broadly attached behind, 6-10
X 6-15 X 3-8 cm.; surface glabrous, slightly encrusted, deeply
sulcate, not polished, gray to brownish-black, slightly rimose in
age; margin obtuse, covered with ferruginous tomentum, becom-
ing gray and glabrous; context corky to woody, repeatedly zoned,
fulvous in dried specimens, 2-3 cm. thick; tubes evenly strati-
fied, 0.5-1 cm. long each season, fulvous, mouths circular, 4 to a
mm., edges rather thin, entire, ferruginous to fulvous, glistening,
the hymenium becoming much cracked in age; spores globose,
smooth, ferruginous, 3-4.5^1; cystidia abundant, pointed, larger
at the base, 15-25 X 6-10 ju.

Frequent throughout on living oak trunks and occasionally
on beech, causing decay.

3. FULVIFOMES RIBIS (Schum.) Murrill, comb. nov.

Pileus tough, corky, becoming rigid, conchate, laterally con-
nate, 3-5 X 5-10 X 0.7-1.5 cm.; surface rough, velvety, ano-
derm, indistinctly zoned, ferruginous to umbrinous, becoming
glabrous and slightly encrusted with age; margin undulate to
lobed, ferruginous, furrowed; context punky, fulvous, 3-5 mm.
thick; tubes indistinctly stratified, 1-2 mm. long each season,
fulvous, mouths circular, 5-6 to a mm., edges rather thin, entire,
ferruginous to fulvous, hoary when young; spores globose or
subglobose, pale-yellowish-brown, smooth, 3-4 X 3 At.

Occasional throughout on living stems of species of Ribes,
and very rarely on other shrubs growing near the usual hosts.

4. FULVIFOMES JUNIPERINUS (Schrenk) Murrill, comb. nov.

Pileus ungulate, 3-5 X 5-8 X 5-7 cm.; surface tomentose,
deeply sulcate, reddish-brown to dark-brown; margin obtuse,
velvety, melleous or ferruginous to hoary; context woody,
reddish-brown, 0.5-2 cm. thick; tubes indistinctly stratified,
0.5-1 cm. long each season, melleous within, reddish-brown in

NORTHERN POLYPORES 51

the older layers, mouths circular, 2-3 to a mm., edges obtuse,
entire, even, melleous; spores fulvous, smooth, globose or sub-
globose; cystidia few, subhyaline, 100 X 20 /JL.

Known only from a few sporophores collected on living trunks
of Juniperinus virginiana in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Mary-
land. The rot is better known than the fruit-body.

34. PORODAEDALEA Murrill

Hymenophore large, perennial, epixylous, sessile, conchate to
ungulate; surface anoderm, sulcate, usually rough; context brown
and woody; tubes concolorous, rarely in distinct layers, the
hymenium varying from porose to daedaleoid; spores smooth,
hyaline at maturity, becoming brownish with age; cystidia
conspicuous.

i. PORODAEDALEA PINI (Thore) Murrill

Pileus hard, typically ungulate, conchate or effused-reflexed
in varieties, often imbricate, 5-8 X 7-12 X 5-8 cm., smaller in
varieties; surface very rough, deeply sulcate, tomentose, tawny-
brown, becoming rimose and almost black with age; margin
rounded or acute, tomentose, ferruginous to tawny-cinnamon,
entire, sterile in large specimens; context soft-corky to indurate,
ferruginous, 5-10 mm. thick, thinner in small specimens; tubes
stratified, white to avellaneous within, becoming ferruginous at
maturity and in the older layers, 5 mm. long each season, much
shorter in thin specimens, mouths irregular, circular or daedale-
oid, often radially elongate, averaging I to a mm., edges fer-
ruginous to grayish-umbrinous, glistening when young, rather
thin, entire; spores subglobose, smooth, hyaline at maturity,
becoming brownish with age, 5-6 X 3~4 V, cystidia abundant,
short, 25-35 X 4-6 M-

Very common throughout on living trunks of conifers, causing
a very serious heart-rot. The variation in the shape of the
sporophores is exceedingly confusing.

35. GLOBIFOMES Murrill

Hymenophore large, encrusted, perennial, epixylous, com-
pound; context ferruginous, punky; tubes cylindric, thick- walled,
stratose; spores ovoid, smooth, ferruginous.

i. GLOBIFOMES GRAVEOLENS (Schw.) Murrill

Hymenophore polycephalous, globose, having the appearance
of being thatched, 8-15 cm. in diameter, the center homogeneous,

52 NORTHERN POLYPORES

ferruginous, floccose and rigid; pilei very numerous, cespitose-
branched, closely imbricate, occupying the periphery of the
mass; pileus corky, rigid, conchate, usually plicate, 1-3 X 0.5-
0.8 cm.; surface radiately sulcate, slightly zonate, purplish-
fuscous, pulverulent to glabrous, slightly resinous in appearance,
encrusted, grayish-black with age; margin fulvous, pulverulent,
undulate or lobed, subacute, deflexed, sterile on the perpendicular
portion, which is from 2 to 3 mm. long; context floccose, fer-
ruginous, 2-5 mm. thick; tubes 2 mm. long, grayish-umbrinous,
mouths circular, whitish-pulverulent to castaneous, fuliginous
with age, edges thick, entire; spores globose or ovoid, smooth, fer-
ruginous, 4 ju; cystidia ovoid, hyaline, rather abundant, 7 X 4 A*-
Occasional on dead trunks of oak, maple, and beech from
Pennsylvania to Iowa and southward. Sometimes known as
" sweet-knot," but the odor has also been described as disagree-
able or entirely wanting. Polyporus botryoides Lev. is probably

not distinct.

36. ELFVINGIELLA Murrill, gen. nov.

Hymenophore large, epixylous, sessile, applanate or ungulate;
surface sulcate, horny-encrusted; context brown, punky; tubes
brown, cylindric, stratose, thick-walled; spores smooth, hyaline
or subhyaline.

Type species, Elfvingia fomentaria (L.) Murrill.

i. ELFVINGIELLA FOMENTARIA (L.) Murrill, comb. nov.

Pileus hard, ungulate, concave below, 7-9 X 8-10 X 3-10 cm.;
surface finely tomentose to glabrous, isabelline to avellaneous and
finally black and shining with age, zonate, sulcate, horny-
encrusted; margin obtuse, velvety, isabelline to fulvous; context
punky, ferruginous to fulvous, conidia-bearing, 3-5 mm. thick;
tubes indistinctly stratified, not separated by layers of context,
3-5 mm. long each season, avellaneous to umbrinous within,
mouths circular, whitish-stuffed when young, 3-4 to a mm.,
edges obtuse, entire, grayish-white to avellaneous, turning dark
when bruised; spores globose, smooth, hyaline or nearly so,
3-4 At-

Common throughout on trunks of birch and beech, and
occasionally on maple and a few other deciduous trees, causing
serious decay. The punky substance of the sporophore was
formerly used in tinder-boxes, and is still used as an absorbent
in surgery and for the manufacture of various ornamental and
useful articles.

NORTHERN POLYPORES 53

37. ELFVINGIA P. Karst.

Hymenophore large, epixylous, sessile, applanate or ungulate;
surface sulcate, horny-encrusted; context brown, punky; tubes
brown, cylindric, stratose, thick-walled, mouths whitish or
yellowish when young; spores brown; conidia present in most
species on or near the surface of the pileus.

Hymenophore annual, persisting above later growths; pileus

reniform, margin thin; spores roughly echinulate. i. E. lobata.

Hymenophore truly perennial; tubes stratified; spores smooth

or nearly so. 2- E- megaloma.

i. ELFVINGIA LOBATA (Schw.) Murrill

Pileus applanate, reniform to dimidiate, 5-8 X 10-15 X 1-2.5
cm.; surface concentrically sulcate, subzonate, glabrous, fer-
ruginous to fulvous, becoming grayish-brown with age; margin
thin, rarely rounded, creamy-white, smooth, entire; context
punky with some horny fibers, chestnut-colored, slightly zonate,
5-8 mm. thick; tubes annual, 5-8 mm. long each season, avellane-
ous within, mouths circular, 4-5 to a mm., edges obtuse, entire,
cremeous to umbrinous, becoming brownish when bruised; spores
ovoid, dark-brown, asperulate, 8-10 X 6-7 ju.

Frequent from New York to Iowa and southward on certain
deciduous trees, especially oak, causing decay of the trunk.
The sporophores are peculiar in being annual.

2. ELFVINGIA MEGALOMA (Lev.) Murrill

Pileus hard, dimidiate, applanate, 6-15 X 8-30 X 1-4 cm.;
surface milk-white to gray or umbrinous, glabrous, concentrically
sulcate, encrusted, fasciate with obscure lines, conidia-bearing,
usually brownish during the growing season from the covering
of conidia; margin obtuse, broadly sterile, white or slightly
cremeous, entire to undulate; context corky, usually rather
hard, zonate, fulvous to bay, 5-10 mm. thick, thinner with age;
tubes very evenly stratified, separated by thin layers of context,
5-10 mm. long each season, avellaneous to umbrinous within,
mouths circular, 5 to a mm., whitish-stuffed when young, edges
obtuse, entire, white or slightly yellowish to umbrinous, quickly
changing color when bruised; spores ovoid, smooth or very
slightly roughened, pale-yellowish-brown, truncate at the base,
7-8 X 5-6 M-

Extremely common throughout on dead or diseased trunks
of most deciduous trees, and also on conifers in certain sections,
causing decay of the sapwood and exposed heartwood. It is

54 NORTHERN POLYPORES

known to cause root-rot in aspen and is doubtless destructive
to the roots of other trees. The immense sporophores are often
used by amateur artists for etching. The presence of conidia
has recently been questioned.

38. GANODERMA P. Karst.

Hymenophore large, sessile or stipitate, perennial or annual,
epixylous; surface sulcate, covered with reddish-brown varnish;
context punky, brown or pallid; tubes cylindric, concolorous;
spores ovoid, brown.

Sporophore annual.

Species confined to Tsuga. i. G. Tsugae.

Species not found on Tsuga; usually on deciduous wood. 2. G. sessile.

Sporophore perennial, very truncate on the margin when mature. 3. G. Curtisii.

1. GANODERMA TSUGAE Murrill

Pileus corky to woody, fan-shaped, convex above, concave
below, 4-20 X 5-25 X 1-4 cm.; surface glabrous, uneven, con-
centrically sulcate, laccate, lustrous, yellowish-red to mahogany-
colored, at length black; margin light-yellow, acute, becoming
concolorous, truncate, and marked with many shallow furrows,
often undulate and at times more or less lobed; context soft-
corky, radiate-fibrous, white or nearly so, 1-3 cm. thick; tubes
annual, 0.5-0.75 cm. long, 4-6 to a mm., brown within, mouths
circular or polygonal, white to light-cinnamon, edges obtuse,
becoming acute; spores ovoid, obtuse at the base, attenuate and
truncate at the apex, yellowish-brown, 9-11 X 6-8 /JL; stipe
lateral, ascending, frequently forked, cylindric, equal, 2-20 X
1-4 cm., resembling the pileus in color, surface, and context.

Common throughout on decaying trunks, stumps, and roots
of Tsuga canadensis.

2. GANODERMA SESSILE Murrill

Pileus corky to woody, dimidiate, sessile or stipitate, imbricate
or connate at times, conchate to fan-shaped, thickest behind,
thin at the margin, 5-15 X 7-25 X 1-3 cm.; surface glabrous,
laccate, shining, radiate-rugose, concentrically sulcate, yellow to
reddish-chestnut, at length opaque-dark-brown, usually marked
near the margin with alternating bay and tawny zones; margin
usually very thin and acute, often curved downward and undu-
late, rarely becoming truncate, white, at length concolorous;
context soft-corky or woody, radiate-fibrous, concentrically
banded, ochraceous-fulvous; tubes 0.5-2 cm. long, 3-5 to a mm.,

NORTHERN POLYPORES 55

brown within, mouths circular or angular, white or grayish-
brown, edges thin, entire; spores ovoid, obtuse at the base,
attenuate and truncate at the apex, smooth, yellowish-brown,
9-11 X 6-8 AI; stipe laterally attached, usually ascending, irre-
gularly cylindric, 1-4 X 0.5-1.5 cm., resembling the pileus in
color, surface, and substance, often obsolete.

Frequent on diseased trunks and dead stumps of both de-
ciduous and coniferous trees from New England to Ohio and
Missouri and southward. Very similar in its stipitate forms to
Polyporus lucidus of Europe. G. subperforatum Atk., described
from Ohio, is probably not distinct.

3. GANODERMA CURTISII (Berk.) Murrill

Pileus corky to woody, reniform, convex above, concave below,
5-10 X 8-15 X 1-2 cm.; surface glabrous, ochraceous to lateri-
ceous or bay, at first laccate, the varnish soon disappearing,
broadly sulcate; margin obtuse to truncate, sulcate, ochraceous,
entire, glabrous; context soft-corky, zonate, ochraceous above,
fulvous below, 5 mm. thick; tubes perennial, indistinctly strati-
fied, 5-8 mm. long each season, avellaneous-umbrinous within,
mouths circular to slightly angular, 3-5 to a mm., edges
entire, white or cremeous, becoming umbrinous; spores ovoid,
attenuate and truncate at the apex, yellowish-brown, 9-11
X 5-8/1; stipe usually eccentric or lateral, erect or ascending,
equal or slightly enlarged above, cylindric, bay, laccate, the
substance similar to the context and darker at the center,
5-10 X 2-3 cm.

Frequent from New York to Michigan and southward on or
about decayed trunks and stumps of oaks and other deciduous

trees.

39. CERRENA (Micheli) S. F. Gray

Hymenophore small, epixylous, sessile, conchate, annual;
surface anoderm, hairy or subglabrous, zonate or sulcate; con-
text thin, white, fibrous, flexible; hymenium at first labyrinthi-
form, soon becoming irpiciform from the splitting of the dissepi-
ments; spores smooth, hyaline.

i. CERRENA UNICOLOR (Bull.) Murrill

Pileus coriaceous, sessile, imbricate, dimidiate to flabelliform,
conchate, often laterally confluent, 2.5-3.5 X 5-10 X 0.1-0.3
cm.; surface villose-strigose, rugose, zonate, plicate, isabelline
to fulvous, becoming avellaneous with age and blackish and

56 NORTHERN POLYPORES

nearly glabrous behind; margin acute, undulate to lobed, paler,
zonate, strigose-tomentose ; context very thin, membranous,
white, homogeneous, scarcely I mm. thick; tubes decurrent,
labyrinthiform, 1-3 mm. long, white or isabelline to fuliginous or
umbrinous, averaging 2 to a mm., edges acute, uneven, soon
becoming dentate-lacerate, giving the hymenium an irpiciform
appearance; spores ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 4-6 X 3-4 M-

Very common throughout on dead deciduous wood, and rarely
on coniferous wood.

40. DAEDALEA Pers.

Hymenophore epixylous, usually large and annual, sessile,
applanate to ungulate; surface anoderm, glabrous, often zonate;
context white or wood-colored, rigid, woody or punky ; hymenium
normally labyrinthiform, but varying to lamellate and porose in
some species; spores smooth, hyaline.

Tubes one to several millimeters in transverse diameter; surface

usually brown or discolored.
Pileus thick, triangular, margin obtuse.

Context isabelline; found on oak and chestnut. i. D. quercina.

Context white; found on red cedar and very rare. 2. D. juniperina.

Pileus thin, applanate, margin thin. 3. D. confragosa.

Tubes less than one half millimeter in transverse diameter;

surface white or yellowish. 4. D. ambigua.

1. DAEDALEA QUERCINA (L.) Pers.

Pileus corky, rigid, dimidiate, sessile, imbricate, applanate,
convex below, triangular in section, 6-12 X 9-20 X 2-4 cm.;
surface isabelline-avellaneous to cinereous or smoky-black with
age, slightly sulcate, zonate at times, tuberculose to colliculose
in the older portions; margin usually thin, pallid, glabrous; con-
text isabelline, soft-corky, homogeneous, 5-7 mm. thick; tubes
labyrinthiform, becoming nearly lamellate with age in some
specimens, 1-2 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad, chalk-white or dis-
colored within, edges obtuse, entire, ochraceous to avellaneous.

Very common throughout on stumps, trunks, and timbers of
oak and chestnut.

2. DAEDALEA JUNIPERINA Murrill

Sporophore corky, attached by a broad, often decurrent base
and composed of imbricate, terraced or laterally connate, ungu-
late pilei 2-5 X 2-7 X 1.5-3 cm-; surface irregular, anoderm,
finely tomentose, yellowish-white, becoming cinereous with age;
marginal edge fertile, concolorous, not rounded, but often

NORTHERN POLYPORES 57

forming an obtuse angle; context corky, white, concentrically
banded, 0.5-1 cm. thick; furrows large, labyrinthiform, radially
or rarely otherwise elongate, 0.5-2 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide,
white or pallid, edges obtuse, often splitting into broad irpiciform
plates; spores smooth, hyaline, ovoid, 5-6 X 3-4 M-

Occasional on dead stumps and trunks of red cedar in Missouri,
Kansas, and Kentucky,

3. DAEDALEA CONFRAGOSA (Bolt.) Pers.

Pileus corky to woody, imbricate, sessile, dimidiate, convex
or plane above, variable in size, 2-7 X 3-10 X 0.5-1.5 cm.;
surface multizonate, rugose, scrupose, often tuberculose, becom-
ing glabrous, isabelline or avellaneous to latericeous-f uscous ;
margin thin, entire to lobed, pallid, fertile, dark-brown when
bruised; context corky to woody, white to avellaneous, zonate,
3-10 mm. thick; tubes very variable, porose or labyrinthiform,
often becoming lamellate with age, 0.5-1.5 mm. broad, 5-10
mm. deep, white or avellaneous within, mouths grayish-pruinose
when young, becoming umbrinous or reddish-fuscous, edges
thin, becoming lacerate-dentate and often fimbriate, turning at
once to yellowish-brown when bruised; spores smooth, hyaline,
cylindric to ellipsoid, 5-8 X 2-3 fj..

Extremely common throughout on various forms of deciduous
wood. This is one of the most variable species known.

4. DAEDALEA AMBIGUA Berk.

Pileus corky, reniform, sessile or spuriously stipitate, simple,
applanate, 8-12 X 10-20 X 0.5-1.5 cm.; surface glabrous,
smooth, azonate, polished, milk-white to yellowish, sometimes
purplish-black with age; margin rather thin, white, entire or
undulate; context floccose, zonate, white, 4-8 mm. thick; tubes
varying from circular to labyrinthiform, minute, white, 3 to a
mm. measured transversely, 4-6 mm. deep, edges thick, entire,
white to isabelline; spores globose, smooth, hyaline, 2-3 fj..

Occasional on dead trunks of deciduous trees in Indiana, Ohio,
Missouri, and southward; more frequent in the southern states.

41. LENZITES Fries

Hymenophore small, annual, epixylous, sessile, conchate;
surface anoderm, usually zonate and tomentose; context white,
coriaceous, flexible; hymenium lamellate, the radiating gill-like
dissepiments connected transversely at times, especially in
youth; spores smooth, hyaline.

58 NORTHERN POLYPORES

i. LENZITES BETULINA (L.) Fries

Pileus thin, coriaceous, sessile, dimidiate to flabelliform,
imbricate, conchate, 3-4 X 4-7 X 0.3-1 cm.; surface conspicu-
ously tomentose, velvety, multizonate, somewhat uneven, often
radiate-rugose to plicate, avellaneous with latericeous zones,
becoming olivaceous with age; margin thin, undulate to lobed at
times; context very thin, white, membranous, scarcely a mm.
thick; furrows slightly anastomosing when very young, 1-2 mm.
broad, 3-10 mm. deep, edges thin, entire to undulate, slightly
notched with age, cremeous within, ochroleucous to sordid-
ochraceous without; spores globose, smooth, hyaline, 6 /*.

Extremely common throughout on various forms of dead de-
ciduous wood and rarely on coniferous wood.

42. GLOEOPHYLLUM P. Karst.

Hymenophore small, annual, epixylous, sessile; surface hairy
or glabrous, anoderm, often zonate; context tough, brown;
hymenium normally lamelloid or daedaleoid, but frequently
poroid in some species; spores smooth, hyaline.

Context avellaneous to umbrinous, furrows about 0.5 mm. broad, i. G. trabeum.
Context ferruginous to castaneous, furrows about i mm. broad. 2. G. hirsutum.

i. GLOEOPHYLLUM TRABEUM (Pers.) Murrill

Pileus corky, rather soft, dimidiate, sessile, laterally connate,
plane or convex above, nearly plane below, 2 X 4-8 X 0.5-1
cm.; surface anoderm, tomentose, smooth or slightly tubercular,
usually azonate, opaque, isabelline when fresh, becoming avel-
laneous to umbrinous and finally fuliginous behind, changing
immediately to ferruginous or fulvous when bruised; margin
very thin, nearly entire, ochroleucous; context soft, punky,
homogeneous, dull-umbrinous, 1-3 mm. thick; tubes annual,
2-4 mm. long, ochroleucous to isabelline within, mouths irregular,
daedaleoid or radially elongate, averaging 0.5 mm. in width,
edges uneven, isabelline to grayish-umbrinous or fulvous, the
transverse walls often splitting with age and giving the hymenium
a lamelloid appearance; spores cylindric, smooth, hyaline, 9-12
X 3-4 M-

Common throughout on dead deciduous and coniferous wood,
structural timbers in particular.

2. GLOEOPHYLLUM HIRSUTUM (Schaeff.) Murrill

Pileus hard, corky to woody, slightly flexible, imbricate, sessile,
laterally connate, often decurrent, oblong-dimidiate to flabelli-

NORTHERN POLYPORES 59

form, conchate, 2-3 X 4-8 X 0.3-1 cm.; surface zonate, strigose-
tomentose, anoderm, rather uneven, reddish-fulvous to fuliginous
or umbrinous; margin rather thick, sterile, isabelline, undulate,
finely tomentose, becoming acute and darker in age; context
soft-corky, homogeneous, fulvous, about 2 mm. thick; tubes
usually lamelloid, anastomosing when young, ochraceous to
grayish-umbrinous, 0.5-1 mm. broad, 2-5 mm. deep, edges
thin, undulate; in a poroid variety, tubes circular, regular, 2 to
a mm., edges thick, firm, entire; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline,
8-12 X 3-4 M-

Extremely common throughout on dead coniferous wood, and
rarely on deciduous wood. It is very destructive to coniferous
timber, and sometimes causes heart-rot in living trunks.

43. CYCLOPORUS Murrill

Hymenophore annual, tough, anoderm, terrestrial, centrally
stipitate; context soft, spongy, ferruginous; pores at first poly-
gonal, soon becoming continuous concentric furrows, dissepi-
ments thin, lamelloid; spores ovoid, smooth, ferruginous.

i. CYCLOPORUS GREENEI (Berk.) Murrill

Pileus circular, obconic to explanate, rarely cespitose, 5-10
cm. broad, 5-10 mm. thick at the center, much thinner at the
margin; surface undulate, zonate, tomentose to glabrous and
shining, ferruginous to fulvous, fuliginous-black in some old
plants; margin at first rounded, sterile, undulate, isabelline,
becoming very thin, darker, and somewhat eroded with age;
context spongy, fragile, zonate, ferruginous to fulvous, scarcely
I mm. thick in mature plants; tubes oblong-polygonal when very
young, soon becoming concentric furrows, 5-8 mm. deep, 1-2
mm. wide, undulate, pale-fulvous to fuliginous, edges isabelline
to umbrinous, very thin, uneven, splitting with age; spores ovoid,
smooth, pale-ferruginous, 5-6 X 10-12 /*; stipe central, enlarged
above, irregular, tomentose, fulvous to fuliginous, spongy and
brown within, 3-8 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick.

Occasional on the ground in woods from New England to
Iowa and southward.

60 NORTHERN POLYPORES

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Tyromyces (Polyporus) caesiosimulans Atk. Jour. Myc. 6: 61. 1908. Said to
be near T. caesius (Schrad.) Murrill, but to have globose, pedicellate spores.

Polyporus confluens (Alb. & Schw.) Fries. Reported more than once from
America.

Microparellus dealbatus (Berk. & Curt.) Murrill. Occasional southward in the
Mississippi valley.

Polyporus epileucus Fries. Reported from South Carolina by Curtis and said
by others to occur northward.

Tyromyces (Polyporus) fumidiceps Atk. Ann. Myc. 6: 61. 1908. Said to be
near T. chioneus (Fries) Karst., but to have a darker pileus and very different
spores.

Trametes merisma Peck, Bull N. Y. State Mus. 139: 31. 1910. Pendant from
the lower surface of dead prostrate beech trunks.

Polyporus osseus Kalchb. Occasional northward.

Polyporus pennsyhanicus Sumstine, Jour. Myc. 13: 137. 1907. Recently re-
ported also from Ohio and said to be near P. caudicinus (Scop.) Murrill, but
worthy of distinct rank.

Scutiger retipes (Underw.) Murrill. Reported from New Jersey.

Coriolus sericeokirsutus (Kl.) Murrill. Occasional southward.

Polyporus spumeus (Sow.) Fries. Recently reported from Ohio as being very
near Spongipellis delectans (Peck) Murrill, but having smaller tubes and more
globose spores. Some consider it the same as S. galactinus.

Tyromyces (Polyporus) subpendulus Atk. Jour. Myc. 6: 61. 1908. Similar to
Porodisculus pendulus in form but very different in structure and occurring on
Tsuga.

Cryptoporus volvatus (Peck) Hubbard. This species is so distinct as to consti-
tute a new tribe, the Volvatae, characterized by the presence of a volva. The
sporophore is annual and matures early in the season, so that the volva would
probably rupture by decay in time to distribute the spores even if no apertures
were present.

INDEX TO GENERA WITH SPECIES

Abortiporus, 26

distortus, 26
Antrodia, 37

mollis, 37
Aurantiporus, 33

Pilotae, 33
Bjerkandera, 17

adusta, 18

fumosa, 1 8
Cerrena, 55

unicolor, 55
Cerrenella, 34

farinacea, 34
Coltricia, 40

cinnamomea, 41

focicola, 42

obesa, 42

perennis, 41

tomentosa, 42
Coltriciella, 40

dependens, 40
Coriolellus, 9

Sepium, 9

serialis, 10
Coriolopsis, 34

rigida, 34
Coriolus, 5

abietinus, 9

concentricus, 7

Lloydii, 7

molliusculus, 8

nigromarginatus, 8

planellus, 7

prolificans, 9

pubescens, 6

subchartaceus, 8

subluteus, 7

versicolor, 6
Cryptoporus, 43, 60

volvatus, 43, 60
Cycloporus, 59

Greenei, 59
Daedalea, 56

ambigua, 57

confragosa, 57

juniperina, 56

quercina, 56
Elfvingia, 53

lobata, 53

megaloma, 53
Elfvingiella, 52

fomentaria, 52
Fomes, 43

annosus, 46

Ellisianus, 46

fraxineus, 45

Fomes, fraxinophilus, 47

Laricis, 47

ohiensis, 45

populinus, 47

roseus, 44

scutellatus, 45

ungulatus, 46
Fulvifomes, 49

Everhartii, 50

juniperinus, 50

Ribis, 50

Robiniae, 49
Funalia, 35

stuppea, 35
Ganoderma, 54

Curtisii, 55

sessile, 54

Tsugae, 54
Globifomes, 51

graveolens, 51
Gloeophyllum, 58

hirsutum, 58

trabeum, 58
Grifola, 29

Berkeley!, 31

flavovirens, 30

frondosa, 30

Peckiana, 31

ramosissima, 31

Sumstinei, 30
Hapalopilus, 35

gilvus, 36

rutilans, 35
Hexagona, 20

alveolaris, 21

striatula, 21
Inonotus, 37

dryadeus, 38

dryophilus, 38

hirsutus, 38

perplexus, 39

radiatus, 39
Irpiciporus, 4

lacteus, 4

mollis, 4
Ischnoderma, 36

fuliginosum, 36
Laetiporus, 33

speciosus, 33
Lenzites, 57

betulina, 58
Phaeolus, 39

sistotremoides, 40
Piptoporus, 19

suberosus, 19
Polyporus, 21
6l

62 INDEX TO GENERA

Polyporus, admirabilis, 23 Scutiger Ellisii, 27
albiceps, 23 griseus, 28

arcularius, 24 radicatus, 27

caudicinus, 24 subradicatus, 28

elegans, 25 Whiteae, 29

fissus, 25 Spongipellis, 15
fagicola, 22 borealis, 16

humilis, 23 delectans, 17

phaeoxanthus, 23 galactinus, 17, 60

Polyporus, 22 occidentalis, 16

Underwoodii, 25 unicolor, 16

Porodaedalea, 51 Trametes, 18

Pini, 51 robiniophila, 18

Porodisculus, 20 suaveolens, 19

pendulus, 20 Tyromyces, 10

Poronidulus, 5 anceps, 15

conchifer, 5 balsameus, 13

Pycnoporellus, 32 Bartholomaei, 14

fibrillosus, 32 caesius, 14

Pycnoporus, 32 chioneus, 14

cinnabarinus, 32 Ellisianus, 13

Pyropolyporus, 48 guttulatus, n

Bakeri, 48 lacteus, 15

conchatus, 49 obductus, n

fulvus, 48 semipileatus, 14

igniarius, 48 semisupinus, 12

Scutiger, 26 Spraguei, 12

caeruleoporus, 27 tiliophila, 12

cryptopus, 27 undosus, 13

INDEX TO SPECIES

abietinus (Coriolus), 9
admirabilis (Polyporus), 23
adusta (Bjerkandera), 18
albiceps (Polyporus), 23
alutaceus (Polyporus), n
alveolaris (Hexagona), 21
ambigua (Daedalea), 57
anceps (Tyromyces), 15
annosus (Fomes), 46
arculariformis (Polyporus), 24
arcularius (Polyporus), 24
Bakeri (Pyropolyporus), 48
balsameus (Tyromyces), 13
Bartholomaei (Tyromyces), 14
Berkeleyi (Grifola), 31
betulina (Lenzites), 58
biformis (Coriolus), 9
borealis (Spongipellis), 16
botryoides (Polyporus), 52
caeruleoporus (Scutiger), 27
caesiosimulans (Tyromyces), 60
caesius (Tyromyces), 14
caudicinus (Polyporus), 24
chioneus (Tyromyces), 14
cinnabarinus (Pycnoporus), 32
cinnamomea (Coltricia), 41
concentricus (Coriolus), 7
conchatus (Pyropolyporus), 49
conchifer (Poronidulus), 5
confluens (Polyporus), 60
confragosa (Daedalea), 57
crispellus (Tyromyces), 13
cristatus (Polyporus), 30
croceus (Polyporus), 33
cryptopus (Scutiger), 27
Curtisii (Ganoderma), 55
cuticularis (Polyporus), 39
dealbatus (Microporellus), 60
delectans (Spongipellis), 17
dependens (Coltriciella), 40
distortus (Abortiporus), 26
dryadeus (Inonotus), 38
dryophilus (Inonotus), 38
elegans (Polyporus), 25
Ellisianus (Fomes), 46
Ellisianus (Tyromyces), 13
Ellisii (Scutiger), 27
epileucus (Polyporus), 60
Everhartii (Fulvifomes), 50
fagicola (Polyporus), 22
farinacea (Cerrenella), 34
fibrillosus (Pycnoporellus), 32
fissus (Polyporus), 25
flavovirens (Grifola), 30
focicola (Coltricia), 42

fomentaria (Elfvingiella), 52
fractipes (Polyporus), 24, 32
fraxineus (Fomes), 45
fraxinophilus (Fomes), 46, 47
frondosa (Grifola), 30
fuliginosum (Ischnoderma), 36
fulvus (Pyropolyporus), 48
fumidiceps (Tyromyces), 60
fumosa (Bjerkandera), 18
galactinus (Spongipellis), 17, 60
giganteus (Polyporus), 30
gilvus (Hapalopilus), 36
glomeratus (Polyporus), 39
graveolens (Globifomes), 51
Greenei (Cycloporus), 59
griseus (Scutiger), 28
guttulatus (Tyromyces), n
hirsutum (Gloeophyllum), 58
hirsutus (Inonotus), 38
hispida (Trametes), 35
hispidellus (Polyporus), 28
humilis (Polyporus), 23
igniarius (Pyropolyporus), 48
juniperina (Daedalea), 56
juniperinus (Fulvifomes), 50
lacteus (Irpiciporus), 4
lacteus (Tyromyces), 15
Laricis (Fomes), 47
Lloydii (Coriolus), 7
lobata (Elfvingia), 53
lucidus (Polyporus), 55
megaloma (Elfvingia), 53
merisma (Trametes), 60
mollis (Antrodia), 37
mollis (Irpiciporus), 4
molliusculus (Coriolus), 8
Montagnei (Polyporus), 43
nigromarginatus (Coriolus), 8
obductus (Tyromyces), n
obesa (Coltricia), 42
occidentalis (Spongipellis), 16
ohiensis (Fomes), 45
osseus (Polyporus), 60
Peckiana (Grifola), 31
pendulus (Porodisculus), 20
pennsylvanicus (Polyporus), 60
perennis (Coltricia), 41
perplexus (Inonotus), 39
Pilotae (Aurantiporus), 33
Pini (Porodaedalea), 51
phaeoxanthus (Polyporus), 23
planellus (Coriolus), 7
populinus (Fomes), 47
poripes (Grifola), 30
prolificans (Coriolus), 9

64

INDEX TO SPECIES

puberula (Bjerkandera). 18
pubescens (Coriolus), 6
quercina (Daedalea), 56
radiatus (Inonotus), 39
radicatus (Scutiger), 27
ramosissima (Grifola), 31
retipes (Scutiger), 60
Ribis (Fulvifomes), 50
rigida (Coriolopsis), 34
Robiniae (Fulvifomes), 49
robiniophila (Trametes), 18
roseus (Fomes), 44
rutilans (Hapalopilus), 35
scutellatus (Fomes), 45
semipileatus (Tyromyces), 14
semisupinus (Tyromyces), 12
Sepium (Coriolellus), 9
serialis (Coriolellus), 10
sericeohirsutus (Coriolus), 60
sessile (Ganoderma), 54
sistotremoides (Phaeolus), 40
speciosus (Laetiporus), 33
Spraguei (Tyromyces), 12

spumeus (Polyporus), 60
striatula (Hexagona), 21
stuppea (Funalia), 35
suaveolens (Trametes), 19
subchartaceus (Coriolus), 8
suberosus (Piptoporus), 19
subluteus (Coriolus), 7
subpendulus (Tyromyces), 60
subperforatum (Ganoderma), 55
subradicatus (Scutiger), 28
Sumstinei (Grifola), 30
tiliophila (Tyromyces), 12
tomentosa (Coltricia), 42
trabeum (Gloeophyllum), 58
Tsugae (Ganoderma), 54
Underwoodii (Polyporus), 25
undosus (Tyromyces), 13
ungulatus (Fomes), 46
unicolor (Cerrena), 55
unicolor (Spongipellis), 16
versicolor (Coriolus), 6
volvatus (Cryptoporus), 43, 60
Whiteae (Scutiger), 29

Manuals of Polypores and Boletes

By WILLIAM A. MURRILL, A.M., PH.D., Assistant
Director of the New York Botanical Garden, Editor
of Mycologia, and Associate Editor of North Ameri-
can Flora.

Northern Polypores, issued in November, 1914 . $1.00

Including species found in Canada and the United
States south to Virginia and west to the Rockies.

Southern Polypores, issued in January, 1915 . . $I.OO

Including species found in the United States from
North Carolina to Florida and west to Texas.

Western Polypores, issued in February, 1915 . . $I.OO

Including species found in the states on the Pacific
coast from California to Alaska.

Tropical Polypores, issued in March, 1915 . . . $1.50

Including species found in Mexico, Central America,
southern Florida, the West Indies, and other islands
between North America and South America.

American Boletes, issued in November, 1914 . . $I.OO

Including all the species found in temperate and
tropical North America, both on the mainland and
on the islands, south to South America.

The above prices include prepaid postage, even to foreign countries. No reduc-
tion is made to any one, dealers included. The author regrets that, owing to the
small editions, no copies can be distributed for examination, but a free desk copy
will be supplied, if requested, with an order for ten copies of the same book sent
to one address.

Remit by Postoffice or Express Money Order, or, if by
Check, please add Exchange.

W. A. MURRILL

Bronxwood Park

NEW YORK CITY